First of all, society, to a certain extent, destroys the existing natural complexes and relationships in nature. Society in the course of its life activity does not simply change natural connections and complexes. Deforming, destroying, it at the same time creates. All these changes fit into pre-existing natural complexes and relationships, becoming their integral part. Finally, it should be emphasized that society also impacts nature with waste from its production and other activities. Thus, the impact of society on nature is varied not only in the specific content of the development of natural resources. This influence is diverse in its focus on the development of nature: it develops and improves some of its capabilities, and destroys others. In a word, this influence represents the unity of creation and destruction.
Nature's resistance to human influence is a developing quantity. The possibilities of nature are limitless, the growth of people's needs is unstoppable. Therefore, each new peak of mastery of nature is essentially the beginning of a new round in the relationship between society and nature. And at this new turn there is a new resistance of nature. Apparently
In this increase in the resistance of nature lies one of the reasons for the progressive and accelerating development of society.
In a word, nature, in its opposition to man, puts before him, as it were, two barriers: on the one hand, this is the closedness of nature, the cemented nature of its connections, the mystery of its laws; on the other hand, on the contrary, the openness of nature, its plasticity and vulnerability. Humanity always needs to take precautions in overcoming these barriers. If it weakens its work pressure and cognitive power, it will “lose” a lot from nature and reduce the possibilities for its development. If it “goes too far” in its transformative zeal, then, ultimately, it will also come to negative results for itself, cutting off the branch on which it sits.
In the twentieth century, during the period of the scientific and technological revolution, the scale of material activity increased so much that the waste from this activity enormous power attacked nature.
(Based on materials from the online publication)
1. Make a plan for the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.
2. What two manifestations of the contradictory impact of society on nature are discussed in the text?
3. For what purpose does society change the natural environment? How, according to the author, is nature’s resistance to human influence related to the development of society?
4. What two barriers, according to the author, does nature pose to humans? Illustrate with an example the author’s call for compliance with the measure
in overcoming these barriers.
5. How does the author evaluate the results of human material activity in the twentieth century? To what social process does he associate these results? Using facts public life, give an argument confirming the author’s position.
6. Many modern public figures call on society to change its attitude towards nature. Using social science knowledge and facts of social life, indicate three possible directions for this change.
With the development of industry and modern technologies throughout the world, the issue of environmental imbalance has become acute. This problem has reached a level where it is almost impossible to solve. Much of what was destroyed, unfortunately, can no longer be restored.
A disturbance in the ecological balance between natural factors and human activities means that the balance between the environment and society is disturbed. This situation could lead to the death of humanity.
The degree of violation may vary. Pollution is the smallest damage that has been done to the environment. In this case, nature can deal with the problem itself. Over time, she will restore balance, provided that humanity stops harming her.
The second degree is a violation of ecological balance. Here the biosphere loses its ability to self-heal. In order for the balance to return to normal, human intervention is necessary.
The last stage is the most dangerous, and is called the limit at which it becomes impossible to restore the pristine ecosystem. This is an environmental disaster, which is caused by man's rash actions and his unacceptable destruction of the surrounding nature. This fact is already taking place in some areas of the globe.
Disturbance of ecological balance - causes and consequences
The causes of ecological imbalance are related to the development of science and technology. Uneconomical waste of natural resources, deforestation, pollution of water bodies - this is what causes an environmental disaster. By harming nature, a person jeopardizes his existence. This gives rise to great troubles for humanity: a demographic crisis, famine, a shortage of natural resources and environmental destruction. Unfounded leads to the extinction of animals and birds. This leads to a change in the ecological balance. If humanity does not restore destroyed plantings and does not protect endangered animals, this will lead to the death of humanity. For now, these problems can be solved.
The violation of the ecological balance in the city is the most widespread. The construction of buildings and the cutting down of parks lead to environmental pollution. A large amount of transport and a lack of green spaces contribute to the accumulation of smog and carbon dioxide. As a result, there is an increase in the number of sick people among the urban population.
Industrial development has led to an increase in harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Not many managers of enterprises and factories care about protecting the environment. In this state of affairs, humanity will face an environmental catastrophe.
Nowadays, environmental protection issues are being urgently raised in many countries. Country leaders and environmental committees are concerned about the changes taking place in nature. Many manufacturers are establishing environmentally friendly production. For example, they began to produce electric cars that are absolutely safe for the environment. A particularly important point is waste recycling. This issue needs immediate resolution. Many countries have seriously taken up the disposal and processing of human waste. Clearing the planet of debris is one way to restore balance between the natural world and society.
Every person is responsible for his actions. By polluting the environment, we primarily harm our own lives. If all people follow certain rules that will contribute to the conservation of nature, then we can hope that environmental disaster will cease to be a threat to humanity.
1. System is a set of objects that have some kind of relationship with each other. The structure of a system is characterized by its components and their connections with each other.
2. Subsystem is the largest part of the system that has a certain autonomy and is itself a lower-level system.
3. Hierarchy is called the subordination of systems to each other.
4. Structure systems are a set of interrelations and interactions of its elements, due to which properties of the system arise that are absent in its parts.
5. The presence of properties of the system that it does not have components, called integrativeness or emergence.
6. Integrity of a system is its generalized characteristic, reflecting the unity of its parts in a variety of interrelations.
7. Additivity– this is a property of quantities, which consists in the fact that the value of quantities corresponding to a system is equal to the sum of the values of similar quantities of its elements.
8. Reductionism is called the reduction of a more complex and higher level of development to a simpler one.
9. Determinism – philosophical doctrine about the objective natural relationship and causality of all phenomena. P. S. Laplace’s formulation: “If there were a mind aware of this moment about all the forces of nature at the points of application of these forces, then there would be nothing left that would be unreliable for him, and the future, as well as the past, would appear before his gaze.”
10. Dynamic system is a mathematical object corresponding to real physical, biological and other objects, the evolution of which is uniquely determined by the initial state.
11. The set of states of a dynamic system is described by a set of variables and represented by points in phase space.
12. The evolution of a dynamic system is reflected by trajectories in phase space.
13. Dynamic systems are divided into the following classes:
– finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional;
– conservative(in which mechanical energy is stored) and dissipative(in which mechanical energy is dissipated);
– with continuous time (flows) and with discrete time (cascades);
– rough (structurally stable) and non-rough.
14. The value of the parameter at which the system loses roughness (stability) is called bifurcation.
15. The steady motion of a dissipative system corresponds to attractor– a set of trajectories to which all nearby trajectories are attracted.
16. Dynamic chaos is an irregular change in the state of a dynamic system that has the basic properties of a random process. Examples of systems with dynamic chaos: planetary systems, weather and climate, turbulence, stock markets.
17. Open is a system capable of exchanging matter, energy and information with the environment.
18. Feedback refers to the impact of the results of the functioning of a system on the nature of this functioning. Feedback is called positive if its influence enhances the results of functioning, and, conversely, negative when it weakens these results.
19. Self-regulating is a system capable of ensuring the constancy of its structure, properties and functions. In such a system, all deviations arising under the influence of the environment are reduced or eliminated through the operational functioning of negative feedback.
Figure 3.1 shows the relationship between the self-regulating system (control object) and the control unit. Arrows show information flows. Information about deviations in the object enters the control link (left branch), from where commands are sent to the object that can reduce the deviations that arise there (right branch). The combination of these flows forms a negative feedback loop.
20. The property of maintaining one’s quality (self-regulation) is called homeostaticity. There are limits of deviations within which the system is capable of self-regulation. The permissible limit of each specific deviation is called homeostatic range. With the operational functioning of negative feedback, deviations do not leave the boundaries of the homeostatic range, therefore self-regulation is realized in the system (Fig. 3.2, option 1). If the feedback is delayed, then the deviations go beyond the acceptable range (option 2 in Fig. 3.2). If the feedback connections fail, then the deviations can grow as large as desired, this means the death of the system or its transition to a different quality (option 3 in Fig. 3.2)
21. In the second half of the 20th century scientific worldview an idea appeared self-organization matter. Theories that study the general laws of self-organization are synergetics and nonequilibrium thermodynamics.
23. Subject of study synergetics – general patterns of self-organization in natural and social systems.
24. Synergetics is based on the following ideas:
– the processes of destruction and creation, as well as the processes of degradation and evolution in the Universe are equal;
– processes of creation (increase in complexity and orderliness) have a single algorithm, regardless of the nature of the systems in which they are carried out.
25 Self-organization is a spontaneous transition from less complex to more complex and ordered forms of organization of matter. Examples of self-organization are laser radiation, Bénard cells, the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, and spiral waves.
26. Entropy open system may decrease if this system receives more order from the environment than it produces disorder within itself. In such a system there is self-organization. In the general case, the change in entropy in an open system is determined by the sum of its two flows: outgoing into the environment (here entropy always increases) and incoming from the environment (here entropy can either increase or decrease).
27. Examples self-organizing systems in which entropy can decrease are living organisms. They receive order from the external environment in the form of food, which is highly organized structures. In addition, all organisms return substances to the environment in a greatly simplified state, increasing the entropy of the external environment.
28. A seeming paradox is the evolution of living things, which occurs with a decrease in entropy in living systems against the background of a general increase in entropy.
29. An open system is planet Earth, receiving energy from the external environment. Self-organization processes are taking place on the planet, during which more entropy is released into the surrounding space than is produced on Earth and comes from outside.
30. Necessary conditions of self-organization are the following:
- the system must be open, since an isolated system, according to the second law of thermodynamics, can only evolve towards disorganization. Dissipative processes play an important role in the process of transition from disorder to order, therefore the emerging new states of matter are called dissipative structures. It is the dissipation of energy that causes unstable movements - fluctuations or deviations, the result of their development is new stable dissipative structures. Observed in nature spatially periodic, temporary And spatiotemporal dissipative structures;
– self-organizing systems must be significantly nonequilibrium, that is, the deviation from equilibrium must exceed a certain critical value. Near the equilibrium position, the system will be able to approach it and enter a state of complete disorganization. Far from the equilibrium position, the system will be able to adapt to its environment in different ways, which means that for the same parameter values several various solutions;
– systems in which self-organization occurs, nonlinear, that is, the principle of superposition does not apply to them. The combined influence of two causes can lead to consequences that differ sharply from the results of these actions separately. The influence of weaker influences may turn out to be more significant than the influence of strong ones if the former turn out to be adequate to the system’s own tendencies. An example is the phenomenon of resonance. Nonlinear processes can have a threshold nature: with a smooth change in external conditions, the behavior of the system changes abruptly if the external parameter has reached a critical value;
– microscopic processes must occur in agreement(corporate or coherent). This means that the system must behave as a whole. Here there is a significant difference between self-developing systems and self-regulating ones. The self-regulating system will suppress deviations during operational operation negative feedback, which will ensure that the same quality is maintained. On the contrary, the emergence of a new quality (i.e. self-organization) is due to the accumulation and intensification of deviations (fluctuations) in the system under the influence positive feedback.
31. There are two periods in self-organization (Fig. 3.3):
– smooth evolutionary development (adaptation), as a result of which the system reaches an unstable critical state;
– exit from a critical state into a new stable state (bifurcation), more complex and ordered.
32. Bifurcation is called the achievement of a critical state by the system, the exit from which is carried out abruptly, and the choice of the path for further development is ambiguous and unpredictable.
33. Near the bifurcation point, fluctuations increase; after the bifurcation point, fluctuations stabilize, and a new stable state appears - order from chaos.
34. Principles universal evolutionism:
– the idea of universal development;
– an objective and knowable process of self-organization;
– single process development of inanimate nature, living matter and human society;
– the fundamental and irreducible role of randomness and uncertainty;
– the laws of nature are the principles for selecting permissible states from all conceivable states;
– development is an alternation of slow quantitative and fast qualitative changes (bifurcations);
– the unpredictability of the path out of the bifurcation point means that the past influences the future, but does not determine it;
– the stability and reliability of natural systems is the result of their constant renewal;
– a developing system evolves along with its environment, which is called coevolution.
Asceticism– a person’s voluntary limitation of his needs: refusal of a variety of food, warm and beautiful clothes, home, the joys of family, entertainment, etc. The goal of Christian asceticism is liberation from the needs of a “sinful body” for the “salvation of a pure soul”, spiritual union with God.
Ancient Greco-Roman civilization- the unity of the Mediterranean countries within the borders of the Roman Empire and the cultures of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The centers of life of ancient civilization were self-governing trade and craft cities (communities of citizens), surrounded by agricultural farms. Ancient writing was created in Latin (Roman) and Greek languages. Ancient philosophy and literature proclaimed the freedom and dignity of man, his ability to achieve personal success in work, science, art, politics, sports, and war. Ancient architecture, sculpture, painting emphasized the beauty of nature and human body, love between a man and a woman, fidelity to duty and civic feat. Ancient laws protected the equality of free citizens, their private property (including slaves), joint participation in governing the state and its protection.
Corvee- free forced labor of dependent peasants on the farm of the landowner (feudal lord).
Baskaki- officials of the khans of the Mongol Empire, who governed individual territories and were responsible for collecting taxes.
Birch bark certificates- monuments of the written language of Rus', which are everyday notes made on the back of birch bark with a special stick - a writer.
Boyars- the most noble and privileged inhabitants of Rus', landowners-patrimonial people; As a rule, they performed military and government service.
Epics- ancient Russian folk tales about the exploits of heroes.
Bible- a collection of sacred books of Judaism (Old Testament) and Christianity (Old and New Testament).
Buddhism- a religion, the creator of which is considered to be the prince of one of the ancient Indian principalities, Sidhartha Gautama (5th century BC). According to Buddhist legend, Gautama, seeing the evil and suffering reigning in society, withdrew from people and sat for a long time in the jungle under a tree, thinking about the causes of evil, plunging into the world of his soul. So the truth was revealed to him, and he became Buddha - “enlightened”. Buddha stated that earthly life is suffering that is generated by many human desires. After death, the soul leaves the earthly world for the spiritual world, but circle of rebirths returns to earth in a new body, and suffering continues. To get rid of suffering, you need to overcome all your desires, then the soul will break out of the circle of rebirths and fall into nirvana- a state of peace and happiness. To bring oneself closer to nirvana, a person needs to avoid extremes throughout his life, be calm, indulge in spiritual thoughts and do good deeds. By doing evil deeds, a person plunges himself into the abyss of painful rebirth, illness, and poverty. The fastest way to lead their souls to nirvana Buddhist monks - people who have given up the hardships of earthly life (family, acquiring wealth, entertainment). By their example and prayers, the monks help ordinary people go to nirvana, and in return they must share food with the monks.
Barbarian- the name developed in the Roman Empire for representatives of all peoples and tribes not familiar with ancient Greco-Roman culture.
Vassal- a feudal lord who received land with peasants from a larger vassal and swore an oath to serve him - to appear in his army with weapons, help in administration, etc.
Great Migration- mass resettlement of Germanic, Slavic and other tribes on the territory of Eurasia.
City Council- a meeting of all the boyars, merchants and artisans of the city, with the decisions of which the prince and mayors had to reckon with.
Tribal veche- a national assembly where issues important to the entire tribe were discussed and resolved.
Vira- a large fine awarded according to the laws of “Russian Truth” for the murder of a free person.
Voivode- leader of the princely army, leading separate regiments on campaigns.
Volosteli- officials Russian state, rulers of the volosts.
Magi (witches, sorcerers)- pagan Slavic priests who, according to the Slavs, could negotiate with powerful forces of nature (pagan gods and spirits).
Patrimony- a type of land ownership (father's ownership), which was inherited in one family from father to son.
"Eastern despotism" - a designation adopted in Europe for many states-monarchies of the East. The head of state (despot) is considered a deity or the sacred representative of God on earth. The orders of the despot must be carried out immediately and unconditionally. At any moment, by one decision, he can deprive any of his subjects of life, liberty or property.
Renaissance- an era in the development of European culture (XIV-XVI centuries), transitional from medieval culture to the culture of modern times. Distinctive features Renaissance culture: 1) secularism (non-church); 2) humanism - appeal to man as a higher principle, affirmation of the ideal of a liberated creative personality, which combines the beauty of body and soul, feelings and thoughts; 3) appeal to the cultural heritage of antiquity: search and restoration of ancient Greco-Roman buildings, sculptures, paintings, manuscripts; imitation of ancient models.
City– a settlement that is the center of power, craft and trade for the surrounding lands; as a rule, surrounded by fortress walls (“fence”).
State- organization of management of society, people who live in a certain territory (within the borders of the state). In every state there are manadgement Department, that is, professional rulers-officials; system of laws(right); law enforcement services(city guard, police, militia); army to protect borders, independence and interests of the state; collection taxes from the population to maintain the army, police, officials and perform other government tasks.
State fragmentation- a state in which a single state is divided into many independent ones, but at the same time the memory of the unity of the country is preserved: as a rule, a common name, a special title of the head of state (without vesting him with real power), the significance of the old capital, the unity of language, cultural customs, religion residents.
Duke- title of a representative of the feudal nobility in Western Europe, as a rule, a descendant of an independent leader of a Germanic tribe
Guests- merchants in Rus' who were engaged in long-distance “overseas” trade.
Graph– the title of a representative of the feudal nobility in Western Europe.
Hryvnia- 1) decoration - a massive twisted ring made of copper, silver or gold. 2) the main monetary unit of Rus' in the 9th-14th centuries. - silver ingot.
Humanism- appeal to man as a higher principle, affirmation of the ideal of a liberated creative personality, which combines the beauty of body and soul, feelings and thoughts.
Far Eastern civilization- a cultural community that emerged in the Middle Ages in the countries of East Asia (China, Japan, Korea, and partly Vietnam, Mongolia, Tibet). Among the values (main features) one can highlight the interweaving of the religious traditions of Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism and local faiths; dissemination of literature using writing based on Chinese characters. According to tradition, in a “correct state” all power should belong to the emperor - “the son of the supreme deity.” He rules his subjects like a father of a family, and his officials must organize a fair life in the country. In a “correct society”, each person is part of some community, layer, and the lower ones are subordinate to the higher ones as “younger” “elders”, and everyone together bears responsibilities to the state. In a “correct economy,” the state must have supreme ownership over all lands and property of its subjects and organize “correct” economic life.
Tribute- obligatory gifts from the subject population to their ruler.
Taoism- religion and philosophy that developed in Ancient China based on the teachings of the sage Lao Tzu (VI-V centuries BC). The main book is “The Book of Tao (path, road) and Te (good power).” “Tao” is in Chinese the path or road along which the whole world moves and develops. Everything in the world consists of two halves (beginnings) - Yin and Yang (feminine and masculine principles, dark and light). Submitting to the path of Tao, they flow into each other, creating balance and beauty of the world. This natural order of Tao is violated by people who strive to possess more and more things, and by their deeds arouse passions in the world. A person, walking along the road of his life, should not strive to change or redo something. He needs to understand his path (his Tao), and then he will be able to follow the order established by nature, will be healthy, happy and ultimately become an immortal being, “able to fly and change with the seasons.” To achieve this, a Taoist (follower of Taoism) must get rid of the most harmful actions: “do not kill, do not indulge in depraved pleasures, do not cloud your mind with wine, do not steal, do not say anything that contradicts the desires of the heart.” In addition, in order to merge with Tao (the road of nature), one must learn to communicate with the spirits of nature: the heavenly lords, the spirits of every stone, plant, animal, natural phenomenon, dead people. In the silence and tranquility of small temples, Taoists pray to the spirits for help in good deeds, A magic spells drive out spirits if they do evil.
Dual faith- combination in the beliefs of residents Rus' X-XIII centuries pagan and Christian ideas.
Nobles- the class of people who served at the sovereign's court, and subsequently in the sovereign's army, who received land ownership for their service.
Two-field- a method of farming in which half of the arable land was used for sowing, and the other half “rested” at this time.
Deacon- the lowest spiritual rank (rank) of a priest in Orthodox Church, assistant parish priest.
Sofa- a council consisting of viziers and officials under the Turkish Sultan, Khan of the Golden Horde.
Old Russian people- the unity of the inhabitants of Rus' in the 11th-13th centuries, connected common language, common beliefs, common management techniques, way of life. Her predecessors are the tribes Eastern Slavs and their closest neighbors the Balts and Finno-Ugrians, and the heirs are modern peoples: Belarusians, Ukrainians and Russians.
Deacon- official of the central apparatus in the Russian state.
Dervish- (from the Persian word “beggar”) a Muslim ascetic who, having renounced wealth, spends his life wandering, and through mystical dance and frenzied prayer seeks direct communication, merging with Allah in order to understand the world and his place in it.
Dynasty- a series of successively ruling monarchs from the same family, replacing each other by the right of kinship and the laws of succession to the throne.
Druzhina- an association of warriors (friends) that developed around the prince (tribal leader), who served the prince, making war their profession, and lived off the spoils of war and the income of the prince (tribute).
Bishop- one of the highest degrees of priesthood in christian church, head of the church region - bishopric.
Heresy - religious doctrine, opposing the prevailing church doctrine.
Dependent peasant (farmer)- a communal farmer living on land owned by a lord (feudal lord), who has the right to lifelong use of the allotment and running his own farm, but is obliged to pay quitrent for this and do corvée in favor of his lord (feudal lord).
Law– a mandatory rule of citizen behavior approved by the state, violation of which is subject to state punishment (fine, prison, etc.)
Purchases- temporarily dependent people who, during the hungry years, borrowed a kupa (some property: grain, livestock, tools) from the patrimonial owner and had to work it off.
Abbot- abbot (leader) of a monastery in the Orthodox Church.
Hierarchy- arrangement of service ranks in the order of their subordination (hierarchical ladder)
Icon- a Christian image (image) of Christ, the Mother of God, saints and other spiritual forces. Painted with paints on a wooden board, the icon was supposed to convey not external physical resemblance, but spiritual content - thoughts, feelings. When creating the icon, the icon painter hoped to receive help from higher powers through prayers and a pure lifestyle. Then God, the Mother of God, the saint whom the icon painter painted, themselves “led his hand,” and part of their spiritual power was transferred to the icon. She became, as it were, a window from the earthly world into the heavenly, spiritual world. A prayer addressed to such an icon could be heard by those whose image it represented. And in response to prayer, the spiritual power of the saint rushed into the earthly world and performed a miracle - it healed from illness, led the enemy army away from the walls of the city, and helped to overcome hatred and anger in oneself.
Empire- a large state that united (usually as a result of conquest) territories with different populations, economies, traditions, but controlled from one center, as a rule, by one person (emperor). The head of an empire is often considered God's representative on earth or even a living god.
Indian civilization- a cultural community that emerged in the Middle Ages in the countries of South and Southeast Asia (India, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia). Among the values (main features) we can highlight: the confrontation between the religious traditions of Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam; division of society into castes– hereditary, completely closed layers that determine a person’s profession, household customs, social circle and marriage ties. According to tradition, a “correct state” must defend the country, exist at the expense of customary taxes from neighboring communities and not interfere in their internal economic life. Most of the accumulated wealth should be in communal and state ownership, and not in personal ownership.
Hinduism- a religion that developed in Ancient India as a result of the development of ancient pagan beliefs. The main sacred texts are the Vedas - collections of ancient myths. Hinduism recognizes thousands of ancient Indian gods and those introduced by new teachings (for example, Buddha). Three are recognized as the main ones - Brahma (creator of the world), Vishnu (guardian of the world order) and Shiva (destroying and building the world anew). Temples are built for each of the thousands of gods. Every Hindu (follower of Hinduism) can offer prayers to the deity whom he, his caste, and his fellow countrymen worship. As a result, many different teachings coexist within Hinduism. Here, at the same time, there exist the “Kama Sutra” (the science of love pleasures) and the teaching of yogis about the ascetic life of a hermit who frees his soul from the body to communicate with higher powers. According to Hindu ideas, the human soul after death goes through a circle of rebirths: hellish torment, heavenly pleasures and returns to earth again, incarnated in the body of a born baby, an animal or a plant. From Buddhism, Hinduism adopted the idea that this eternal rebirth returns a person to the suffering of earthly life. The goal of a person is to break out of the circle of rebirths, so that his soul goes “the path of the gods” to freedom and bliss. By evil actions that are contrary to world law and caste rules, a person burdens his soul, and in the next rebirth he will have to atone for his guilt - he will be born in a lower, despised caste, become an animal, and move away from the liberation of the soul. To get closer to liberation, a person can simply honestly fulfill the duty that falls to him (for a warrior - to protect, for a farmer - to plow, for a servant - to obey). You can also reflect and comprehend with your senses the wisdom of the sacred books, and here a special role belongs to the highest Indian caste - the Brahman priests, who alone can read and interpret for others the sacred books of the Vedas.
Inquisition- the body of the Catholic Church that searches for, judges and punishes its opponents.
Art– the creativity of people who create artistic images (literary, musical, sculptural, etc.) of what they see, feel, realize.
Islamic civilization (Islamic world)- a cultural community that emerged in the Middle Ages in countries dominated by the Islamic religion. Some common features can be identified. IN cultural life- distribution of literature using writing based on the Arabic alphabet; the idea that all the main truths are revealed to people in the Koran, but they still need to be understood (this led to the widespread development of science in the Islamic world); the idea that the only creator in the world is Allah, and poets and artists are “instruments” with which Allah complements the world (this determined the flourishing of the arts in the Islamic world). IN "correct society" true Muslims must be equal in the face of Allah and form a single community of Muslims (devotees to Allah). IN "correct Muslim state" the ruler (deputy of the prophet - caliph) rules in accordance with the Islamic norms of the Koran and Sharia (code of laws), which do not separate power into secular and spiritual: sin (crime of the religious commandments of God) is a state crime and for each of the sins there is a punishment from the authorities. In the organisation economic life the supreme ruler has supreme ownership of land and property, is responsible for the welfare of the faithful, including the development of private trade and entrepreneurship, which is limited by the ban on usury and the obligation to pay taxes in favor of the poor.
Islam- a religion, the creator of which is the Prophet Muhammad, an Arab merchant of the 7th century. Holy Bible Islam The Koran is considered the words of one God - Allah, with which he addressed people through Muhammad. Islam recognizes Muhammad the last prophet, chosen by one God after people (followers of Judaism and Christianity) “wrongly” understood Abraham (Ibrahim), Moses (Musa) and Jesus (Isa). Thus, Islam is based on the traditions of the biblical religion of the ancient Jews and Christianity. In the views of Muslims, the world also consists of paradise (the world of heaven), the earthly world of people and hell (the world of Satan - “Shaitan”). People commit sins and thereby destroy their immortal soul, which the shaitan takes to hell. To be saved, a person must enter the community of Muslims devoted to God: recognize the one God Allah, pray to him daily, fast during the month of Ramadan, pay taxes in favor of the poor, make a pilgrimage (Hajj) to the Kaaba sanctuary at least once in his life, to the wall in which the “black stone” is embedded, given to people Allah as a reminder of the lost paradise. Muslims must avoid sins and treat each other as brothers, “wishing for your brother what you wish for yourself.” To establish true faith, a Muslim must commit jihad (“effort”) - fight evil in himself and in the world around him.
Historical source– an object (record, object, building, legend, etc.) preserved from past times to the present day, which carries information (information) about life in the past.
Judaism- the religion of the Jewish people, which arose at the turn of the 2nd-1st millennium BC. in the ancient Hebrew kingdom of Israel as the veneration of the one god Yahweh (Lord) in the only Jerusalem temple. After the final destruction of the Jewish state by the Romans (in the 1st century) the temple was destroyed and the Jews were scattered throughout different countries, created another form of worship - modern Judazim. The sacred scripture of Judaism is the Hebrew Bible (called in Christianity Old Testament) and the Talmud - a collection of books by Jewish sages from the era of dispersion. According to the Bible, there is only one omnipotent God in the world, the creator of all things and the first people, whom, unlike all other creations, He created in the spiritual “image and likeness of His own” and endowed them with the freedom to decide how to act. However, the first people Adam and Eve violated the commandments of the Lord, were expelled from paradise to earth, and since then their descendants have constantly sinned, killing each other, stealing, and worshiping imaginary gods. To explain to people how to act, the Lord entered into a Covenant (agreement) with the prophet Abraham (the ancestor of the Jews): Abraham and his descendants will fulfill the commandments of God, and God will protect this people, chosen by him to enlighten people. Subsequently, in confirmation of His Covenant, the Lord gave the Jews, through the prophet Moses, stone tablets (tablets) with the Ten Commandments: to worship only one God, not to portray him, not to take his name in vain, to observe the holy day of rest - Saturday, to honor parents, not to kill, not to commit adultery. , do not steal, do not bear false witness. Judaism views the troubles that befell the Jewish people as a punishment for violating the commandments, as the burden of God's chosenness of the Jews. The troubles should end when the messenger of God comes to the world - the king-savior, the “anointed one,” the messiah. With him, the souls of the righteous will be resurrected in new bodies and a “heavenly Jerusalem” will arise, where all Jews will be transferred. At the same time, any person who has converted to Judaism can become a Jew. After the dispersion of the Jews, Jewish communities were created in all the villages where they lived. Divine services are conducted in houses of worship - synagogues - by experts in the Bible and rituals specially trained in higher Jewish schools - rabbis (teachers).
Kagan- the title of the supreme ruler in some states created by Turkic-speaking tribes of nomadic pastoralists, the power of the kagan was considered granted by the God of Heaven.
Cossacks- an estate of the Russian state that lived on the outskirts of the country and was engaged in farming, hunting and military craft.
Caravanserai- an indoor market, a trading warehouse and a hotel for merchants in the cities of the East.
Catholicism- the western branch of Christianity, represented by a single Catholic Church led by the Pope, with significant independence monastic orders. The most noticeable differences from Orthodoxy: the assertion that the Holy Spirit proceeds from both God the Father and the Son; belief in the existence of purgatory, where, on the eve of heaven, souls are freed from sins; use for sacred texts and services in Latin only; decorating churches not only with icons, but also with statues; the use of unleavened bread (without yeast) for the main sacrament - communion; Priests partake of bread and wine (“Body and Blood of Christ”), and ordinary believers – only bread; parish priests, just like monks, do not have the right to marry.
Catholic civilization- a cultural community that emerged in the Middle Ages in European countries dominated by the Catholic branch of Christianity. Some common features of Catholic civilization can be identified. IN cultural life- distribution of literature using Latin language and alphabet; the development of the tradition of explaining divine Christian truths by logical arguments of reason, the spread of universities and secular science on this basis; the development, in addition to church-ascetic culture, also of secular urban, knightly culture, glorifying earthly human feelings. IN organization of power- the existence of many independent states, united by the spiritual power of the Pope, who fought for supreme temporal power with sovereigns (kings, emperors); the presence of self-governing class associations (monastic and knightly orders, craft guilds, merchant guilds) and the tradition of concluding agreements between sovereigns and elected representatives of the estates (on the payment of taxes). In social division- traditions of celebrating the personal merits and achievements of individuals in society, concluding agreements on the rights and obligations of different classes (between feudal lords on vassal service, between feudal lords and peasants on duties, between feudal lords and cities on free self-government). In economic life- the predominance of feudal relations and feudal farms with conditional (feudal) property, but at the same time - the development of trade and craft cities in which private property and private farms were strengthened.
Cyrillic- Slavic alphabet, created on the basis of the Greek alphabet by the brothers Cyril and Methodius.
Prince- elected military leader Slavic tribe, subsequently (in the 9th-15th centuries) - the title of the hereditary head of the state-principality.
Grand Duke- the title of the supreme ruler of the state adopted in Rus'.
Prince servant- a former independent ruler of the principality, who, during the creation of the Russian state, entered the service of the Grand Duke of Moscow.
Prince appanage- the ruler of a semi-independent possession (destiny) in the principality, who himself collected tribute in his appanage, recruited a squad, and administered justice.
Konung- leader (prince) among the Scandinavian peoples.
Confucianism- religion and philosophy that developed in Ancient China based on the teachings of the sage Confucius (5th century BC), described in the book “Conversations and Judgments”. Confucianism, like pagan Chinese beliefs, does not divide the world into earthly and heavenly. In one world, in addition to people, there are many spirits - rivers and forests, rain and wind, hearth, wealth and longevity, as well as the spirits of dead people - simple and great sages. The will of the Great Heaven reigns over the entire world of people and spirits. To receive help from spirits and Heaven, Confucians build temples, read prayers, and make sacrifices. However the main objective Confucianism in another - to correctly organize the life of society, so that people overcome the wild beast within themselves and preserve human culture. To do this, you must strictly follow the rules of action (rituals) that connect Heaven with people, and people with each other. We must honor the ancestors who understood and wrote down these rules of action (rituals). We must love people - “not do to others what you do not wish for yourself,” “reply to good with good, and to evil with justice.” You need to know your place in society - obey your elders and take care of your younger ones. Only “bookish, service people” can organize such a life in the state - officials who study the wisdom of their ancestors, know the “will of Heaven,” rule the people fairly and philanthropically and obey the emperor, the “son of Heaven.”
Koran - holy book Muslims - a collection of prophecies of Muhammad, who conveyed to people the words of Allah (one God).
King- the title of the head of a monarchical state (kingdom) in European countries.
Blood revenge is a primitive custom, according to which members of one clan took revenge for any offense inflicted on their relative.
Kurultai- a meeting of the Mongolian nobility.
Chronicles- records of events in Russian history, arranged by year.
Localism- the procedure for appointment to the highest state (boyar) positions in accordance with the antiquity and merits of the family from which a person comes, and not his personal qualities.
Mosque- Muslim religious building, room for prayer.
Minaret- a tower attached to a mosque, from which believers were called to prayer.
World religion is one of the religions that have spread among many peoples of the world.
Mystic- a person who believes in the mysterious supernatural world and the possibility of direct communication with it.
Metropolitan- one of the highest degrees of priest in the Orthodox Church, the head of several bishops.
Mosaic- an image made of colored stones.
Monarchy- a state headed by a single ruler - a monarch who transfers his power by inheritance.
Monarchy estate-representative - a state in which the monarch rules the country, relying on the decisions of a meeting of elected representatives of various estates
Monastery- a community of monks or nuns who accept the same rules of life.
Monk- member religious community who took vows (promises) of poverty and celibacy and retired from the world of people
Morality- a set of moral norms (rules) of behavior of people in society.
Murzy- military leaders in the army of the Golden Horde
Muslim- a person who professes Islam and worships Allah.
People- a community of people who are united self-name(name of people), one language of communication, special way of life, customs.
Natural economy- a farm in which almost everything necessary for life is produced within the farm, and not for sale, but for one’s own consumption.
The science– people’s knowledge of the laws of nature and society through observations, putting forward versions (hypotheses), testing them practical experience and creation of theories, systems scientific knowledge that explain the world.
Moral- internal, spiritual qualities of a person that determine the rules of his behavior.
Cash quitrent- the amount of money that the peasant had to constantly pay to the owner of the land for the right to live on it.
Natural quitrent- part of the harvest and other income of a peasant farm, which the peasant had to constantly pay to the owner of the land for the right to live on it.
Social stratification- the process of destruction of the tribal system, during which layers of a new civilized society are separated from the community.
Society- a lot of people who are united by living and acting together according to accepted rules (morality, laws). All actions of people in society can be divided into four main areas: farming(the labor of producing and distributing everything necessary for life), social division(division of people into different groups, layers, organizations within society), power(managing the life of society to establish order), spiritual culture(people's knowledge of the world through science, art, religion and all achievements in these areas).
Society- a lot of people who are united by living and acting together according to accepted rules (morality, laws). All actions of people in society can be divided into four main spheres: economy (work on the production and distribution of everything that is necessary for life), social division (dividing people into different groups, layers, organizations within society), power (managing the life of society to establish order), spiritual culture (people’s knowledge of the world through science, art, religion and all achievements in these areas).
Ognishchanin- the main servant-manager of the estate's economy.
City militia- the armed forces of the city, consisting of non-professional warriors - citizens.
Militia of the land-principality- part of the army of Russian principalities and lands of the 9th-14th centuries, consisting of non-professional warriors - artisans, traders, farmers.
Tribal militia- the armed forces of the tribe, consisting of all combat-ready men of the tribal communities.
Gentlemen- a privileged class of large service landowners in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Patriarch- the highest degree of priest in the Orthodox Church, the head of an independent church organization.
Primitive society(primitive system) - the first stage of development of society, in which people live in camps or villages, unite in clan communities and tribes, which are governed by popular assemblies, elders and leaders, knowledge is stored and transmitted mainly through oral legends.
Tribe- a union of clan communities united by a single elected leader, a common protected territory, marriage customs, and common beliefs.
Elderly- payment established by law from a peasant to the owner of the land for the right to move to other lands, to another owner.
Polyudye- existed in the East Slavic lands in the 9th-10th centuries. the custom of a prince traveling around subject lands to collect tribute (by people).
Estate- conditional land ownership, which was issued to nobles of the Russian state on condition of service in the army without the right to sell or transfer to heirs. For negligent service, the sovereign could deprive the landowner of his land.
Butts- parish priests in the Russian Orthodox Church.
Posad- the name of the trade and craft part of the city in Rus'.
Posadnik- the ruler of the city, “planted” (appointed) by the prince and on his behalf administered court and collected tribute.
Posadskie people are tax-paying residents of urban settlements in Rus', whom the prince “planted near the city” (allowed them to build a house next to the princely fortress).
Orthodoxy- the eastern branch of Christianity, represented by several churches led by patriarchs and church councils. The most notable differences from Catholicism are: the assertion that the Holy Spirit comes only from God the Father; lack of concept of purgatory for the souls of sinners; the use of Greek and other languages for sacred texts and worship; a ban on decorating temples with statues; use of yeast bread (baked with yeast) for the main sacrament - communion; ordinary believers, along with priests, partake of both bread and wine (“Body and Blood of Christ”); parish priests, unlike monks, have the right to marry.
Orthodox civilization(Orthodox world) - a cultural community that emerged in the Middle Ages of countries dominated by the Orthodox branch of Christianity. Some common features of Orthodox civilization can be identified. IN cultural life- distribution of literature using both Greek and local national languages and alphabets; the persistent belief that most divine truths are not accessible to the human mind, they can be comprehended only by faith and feelings, with the help of divine revelation, and the development on this basis of the special art of icon painting; the predominance of church-ascetic culture. In the organization of power- idea about ideal state how about centralized Orthodox Empire(kingdom), in which secular power (tsar, emperor, prince) and spiritual power (patriarch and church council) exist separately and act in concert in a symphony; tradition of subordination of layers and communities to strong state power. IN social order - a tradition of not emphasizing the personal merits and achievements of individual people in society. Prominent role of the state in the organization economic life, coexistence of state, conditional, communal and private property.
Orders- departments of the central administrative apparatus of the Russian state.
Appropriating economy- an economy of hunters and gatherers who do not grow food, but with the help of tools they extract and appropriate what is grown in nature.
Parishes- communities of believers of the Orthodox Church in Rus'.
Producing farm- agriculture and cattle breeding, in which people learned to produce (grow) food, and not to appropriate what was grown in nature.
glad- Council of the highest nobility under the Grand Duke in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Early State- a union of tribes that arises as a result of the collapse of the tribal system. In the early state, the state apparatus and tax system are emerging, but many of the signs of a mature state are not yet there (written laws, a standing army, etc.).
Religion- people’s belief in God or gods, in some supernatural forces capable of working miracles, as well as belief in the presence of a human soul that continues to exist after the death of the body. In developed religions, as a rule, there is Holy Bible, laying out the basics creeds– idea of the world and divinity, purpose and rules human life. In addition, in religion there are rituals(rules of worship), sacred places and temples- buildings for worship; priests(clergy) - people who conduct rituals, intermediaries between ordinary believers and supernatural forces.
Tribal system- the organization of society at the primitive stage of development, in which people unite into clans and tribes, and perceive each other either as “their relatives” or as “strangers”.
Tribal community- an association of families descended from the same ancestor, jointly owning land and governed by tribal elders.
Ruble- from the 13th century - the main monetary unit of the Novgorod Republic, and subsequently of the Russian state; existed in the form of a silver bar, not a coin.
Knight- in Europe the name of a heavily armed horseman, a feudal warrior.
Saint(in Christianity) - a person who accepted death for Christian faith or famous for his pious life, deeds and miracles performed in the name of God, who after his death, by decision of the church, was canonized and began to be revered.
Senior- a feudal lord who distributes land with peasants to his vassals and for service.
Buffoons- traveling artists in Rus'.
Smerda- part of the inhabitants of the rural communities-worlds of Rus', who depended on the prince and had to go with him on military campaigns.
Church cathedral- meeting church officials(high priests) for advice and resolution of the most important issues.
Own- the right to own, use, dispose of something. For example, the owner of a plot of land can surround it with a fence, grow bread on it, pass it on by inheritance, or sell it. Property may be private(one person) communal, state, feudal(conditional – given under the condition of service).
Neighborhood community (rural community, peasant community)- a union of unrelated families who live in the same town (village, hamlet), jointly own land, but each family runs its own farm on the plot allocated to it. The neighboring community is governed by a gathering of householders and a headman elected at it.
Estate– a group of people with special rights and responsibilities in society. According to Western Europe, clergy prays for everyone and receives a tenth of the harvest, chivalry protects people and owns lands with peasants, third estate(peasants and townspeople) work and feed others.
Tribal Union- an association of related tribes led by one of the tribal leaders who jointly defended their lands.
Tiun- servant-manager in the estate of the patrimonial estate; The princely tiuns also carried out various state assignments.
Troubadours- in Western Europe, writers of songs and poems, sometimes knights, and sometimes traveling artists.
Tumen- a large military formation of the Mongol army of Genghis Khan and his successors (10 thousand horsemen).
Tysyatsky- elective position of leader of the city militia in Rus'.
Tax- all the duties that tax-paying people of the Russian state bore in favor of the Grand Duke, that is, the state (taxes and some work - the construction of fortress walls, the supply of provisions to the army).
Destiny- part of the principality-land, a semi-independent possession, allocated to one of the younger members of the ruling dynasty.
County- the main territorial and administrative unit of the Russian state.
Ulus- a self-governing part of the Mongol Empire, created as a result of the conquests of Genghis Khan.
University– in medieval Western Europe (from the 11th century) - a self-governing union of teachers, professors and students, a higher educational institution that trains theologians, lawyers and doctors in three faculties.
strife- the struggle for power in one principality or for the formation of an independent reign.
Ushkuiniki- Novgorod robbers who, moving along the northern rivers, developed and annexed new territories to Novgorod.
Feudal lord- the conditional owner of a large land holding, who has the right to receive quitrents from peasants dependent on him and assign corvée (compulsory work) to them.
Feudal relations- social and economic ties between people, presupposing: 1) ownership of land (feud) subject to vassal service to the supreme owner of the land (lord, sovereign), as well as 2) the right of feudal landowners to dues and corvée from dependent peasants.
Feudal fragmentation- a stage in the history of medieval Western European states, when they were divided into feudal estates and the owner of each of them himself made laws, judged, collected taxes, maintained his army, and the central ruler had no real power.
Fresco– wall painting with paints on wet plaster.
Serfs- (in Rus') slaves who personally belonged to a person
Christianity- a religion whose founder is considered to be a god-man - the son of the Lord God and the earthly girl Mary Jesus Christ (according to legend - a carpenter from the Roman province of Judea, who lived in the 1st century). The Holy Scripture of Christians - the Bible - consists of the Old and New Testaments. Christians believe in the almighty Lord God, one in three persons: Father, Son and Holy Spirit. According to Christian ideas, the world created by the Lord consists of the heavenly world - paradise, where God himself, angels and souls reside righteous people, the earthly world and hell, where Satan (the devil) - an angel rebelling against God - commands. In the earthly world, man has a mortal body and immortal soul. Already the first people - Adam and Eve, who lived in paradise, at the prompting of the devil, committed the first sin - they violated God's prohibition not to eat fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Since then, people were expelled from paradise and constantly committed sins in the earthly world - they killed each other, stole, and worshiped imaginary gods. The devil took souls burdened with sins to hell, where eternal torment awaited them. The coming into the world of the Son of God - Christ - gave people the New Testament - a commandment in the relationship between God and people. Through suffering and death on the cross, Jesus as a man atoned for all the sins of people. The Resurrection of Christ shows all people the way to save their souls for eternal life. To do this, it is necessary to “love the Lord your God with all your heart,” “love your neighbor as yourself,” “do unto others as you would have them do unto you,” “forgive your enemies.” A Christian must avoid sins (pride, envy, anger, laziness, greed, wastefulness and gluttony) and maintain virtues (faith, hope, love). The New Testament predicts the end of the world, when the Antichrist will appear in the world and “nation will rise against nation, kingdom against kingdom.” After this, Christ will come into the world for the second time and take place Last Judgment- sinners will be condemned to eternal torment, and the righteous will be resurrected. To help each other in saving their souls, Christians unite in a church (community). Priests perform sacraments (rites), the main one of which is communion - the eating by believers of bread and wine, reincarnated into the “body and blood of Christ.” In the Middle Age christian religion divided into several branches, the most famous of which are Orthodoxy and Catholicism.
Centralized State- a state in which all power is vested in the central government, which issues uniform laws, collects taxes, maintains a unified army and appoints officials.
Church
Church Cathedral- a meeting of the highest leaders of the Christian church to resolve important issues: theology, election of leaders, changes in rituals, etc.
Civilization- this concept has in science different interpretations. In this textbook it is used in two meanings:
Nobility- class of service landowners in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Paganism - religious beliefs, based on primitive myths about many gods, spirits, personifying the forces of nature (sun, rain, fertility), human occupations (agriculture, trade, war).
Shortcuts- Khan's letters of permission for the right to own this or that land in the Mongol Empire.
Lesson objectives:
- To develop students' understanding of environmental balance.
- Improve the ability to use previously acquired knowledge in work and draw conclusions based on one’s own observations.
- Develop students' cognitive activity.
- Foster a love of nature and respect for the environment.
2. Let us consider, using examples, a violation of ecological balance, the causes of its occurrence and consequences.
Ecological balance between living and non-living nature
Let us determine how living and inanimate nature are interconnected. Slide 5
A forest grew along the banks of one river. The river was full-flowing, the trees grew strong and healthy. Why was this so? (The river gave moisture to the trees, and the trees also gave water to the river)
How did trees provide water to the river? (The forest attracts rain clouds. Streams grow in the shade of the trees)
That is, an exchange took place: the river fed the plants, and the plants fed the river. And then people came and cut down the trees. What will happen to the river? (Without receiving food, the river will become shallow and may dry up completely)
Conclusion: This means that the connection between them will be broken or, in other words, the ecological balance.
Look how simple everything is and how complex everything is. It’s simple when we don’t think about our actions, and difficult when we begin to weigh our actions.”
Look what our Bolshoy Irgiz River looks like . Slide 6
A river flows from afar...
It's so good when the river
Both wide and deep!
Above her are more magnificent clouds,
Fresh breath of the breeze,
The forest above her is slimmer and taller,
And the coastal meadow is greener!
And in order for it to remain as beautiful and full of water, it must be treated with care.
Is ecological balance between living and inanimate nature important? (Children's answers)
3. Conversation “Ecological pyramid” . Slide 7
The same thing happens in food connections between plants and animals, between animals and animals. Let's remember the ecological pyramid.
An owl needs a lot of mice to feed itself. One mouse - many acorns. Who is this owl? (Predator)
This means that there should be fewer predators than herbivores.
And there are fewer herbivorous animals than the plants they feed on. What can happen if at least one link in this chain is broken? (The ecological balance will be disrupted. If you destroy an owl, there will be many mice)
What happens if there are a lot of owls? (They will eat all the mice, and the acorns will all sprout, turn into trees, and there will be little room for them to grow)
Conclusion: If at least one link in this chain is broken, the ecological balance will be disrupted.
4. Now people know many examples of dangerous violations of the ecological balance.
Let's consider whether the balance between herbivores and predators is important
Let's listen to a message about the disruption of the ecological balance between animals. Let's find out how spiders are useful. Appendix 3. Message 1. Slide 8
If there are no spiders, what can happen in nature? (Children's answers)
Unfortunately, children walking through the forest often deliberately break spider webs, and when they see a running spider somewhere on the path, they try to crush it. No need! Spiders are part of a huge and complex animal world, of which we ourselves are a part. Everything in this world deserves respect. And spiders too.
Now let's listen to a message about all known insects. Slide 9
The ladybug is an excellent assistant in the fight for the harvest. She eats aphids, dangerous insects. Just one beetle can eat 4,000 aphids in its life (scientists have calculated). If a person starts catching ladybugs for their beauty - aphids will spread, dangerous insects - harvests will decrease, plants in gardens and parks will begin to die.
- How can a person upset the ecological balance?
I found interesting material in my encyclopedic dictionary... (Student's name). Slide 10
Disturbance of ecological balance between animalsIn the area of Uvarovka station, near Moscow, at the beginning of the 20th century. one landowner, in order to increase the number of game in his forests that he wanted to hunt, paid peasants a bonus for the destruction of birds of prey. As a result, the number of hazel grouse, black grouse, and wood grouse has sharply decreased. Predators are natural orderlies. By destroying sick and weak birds, they prevent the spread of various diseases among them, from which many birds die and their numbers become smaller.
Here we see a violation of the ecological balance between birds.
Who upset this balance? What did this lead to? (Children's answers)
Who else has found material about the disruption of ecological balance between animals? (Children's answers)
1) One day, fishermen noticed that their catch began to include many sick fish. The reason turned out to be simple: all the crayfish were caught in the river. But crayfish destroy the remains of dead animals and serve as orderlies. And when the crayfish were gone, healthy fish became infected from the dead fish... (Appendix 2. Fig. 2.)
Who upset the balance in the river? What could this lead to?
2) You need to be very careful with the birds, lizards, and toads living in the meadow. These animals are not only interesting, but also maintain the ecological balance of the meadow. If they are gone, herbivorous insects will begin to multiply unhindered and destroy many plants.. (Appendix 2. Fig. 3.)
What animals maintain balance in the meadow?
Work according to the textbook.
Read on page 142 in your textbook under number 4. Slide 11
What incident did you read about in Australia?
What would environmental scientists say about what happened in Australia? (In Australia, the ecological balance between predators and herbivores was disrupted.)
Is ecological balance between animals important? (Children's answers)
PHYSMINUTE
In the morning the butterfly woke up
She stretched and smiled.
Once she washed herself with dew,
Two - she spun gracefully,
Three - bent down and sat down,
At four - it flew away.
5. Continue studying the topic of the lesson.
1. Consider the disturbance of ecological balance between plants
1) A student’s story about the imbalance between plants. Slide 12. A story about a forester who wanted to restore order in the forest. (Appendix 3. Message 2)
Here we see how a person upsets this balance.
Deforestation can lead to environmental disaster . Slide 13
2) Now let’s listen to a story about violations of the ecological connection between mushrooms and trees. Slide 14
Does the forest need mushrooms (Appendix 3. Message 3)
Does the forest need mushrooms? How did mushrooms help the trees?
Is ecological balance important? (Children's answers)
2. Consider the balance between animals and plants.
1) On this issue we will listen to... (name of student) . Slide 15
A story about a jay and a nutcracker. (Appendix 3. Message 4)
2) Who will give their examples of imbalance between animals and plants? (Children's answers)
Conclusion: Animals, fungi, microorganisms are closely related to each other, they live together, as if together. An imbalance between them can lead to an environmental problem.
6. Based on your knowledge and observations, give examples of human violations of ecological balance. (Children's answers) . Slide 16
Student messages:
1) Why does the water in the lake become cloudy? (Appendix 3. Message 5) Slide 17
2) A story about mosquitoes and cats. (Appendix 3. Message 6) Slide 18
PHYSMINUTE. Slide 19
We planted a birch tree
We poured water on her
And the birch tree grew up,
Raised branches to the sun,
And then she tilted them
And she thanked the guys.
Consolidation
I propose to explain the following environmental situations:
1) Some industrial enterprises discharge waste untreated water into reservoirs. How will this affect the fish wealth of the reservoir? And on a person? Slide 20
2) Why is there more dust and harder to breathe in areas of new buildings than in old areas with squares and parks? Slide 21
3) Why did the number of sick deer increase many times after the destruction of wolves in Taimyr? Slide 22
What conclusion do you draw from all that has been said? Is it possible to disturb the ecological balance?
(You cannot disturb the ecological balance; this leads to environmental problems.)
VI. Summing up the lesson. Grading
Why is ecological balance important?
What to do if the ecological balance is already disrupted? (Reading an excerpt from the textbook p. 142)
Conclusions. Slide 23
Ecological balance in the world around us is very important, because in nature everything is interconnected. Neither plants, nor animals, nor humans can live on their own.
People should know very well how everything is connected in nature, how one depends on the other. Then they will be able to make fairly accurate environmental forecasts and act in such a way as not to upset the balance in nature.
I would like to end our lesson with Boris Zakhoder’s poem “About Everyone in the World.” (Read by a prepared student). Slide 24
Everyone, everything in the world - everyone in the world is needed!
And midges are no less needed than elephants...
You can't do without absurd monsters,
And even without evil and ferocious predators!
We need everything in the world! We need everything
Who makes honey and who makes poison.
Things are bad for the cat and the mouse
A mouse without a cat can do no better.
Yes, if we are not very friendly with someone
We still really need each other.
And if someone seems superfluous to us,
This, of course, will turn out to be a mistake.
If you take something from the Earth, give it back to it. Plant a tree, clean the spring, feed the birds, only then the Earth will remain the same as in your “Favorite corners of nature” drawings.
Let us try to live in such a way that the earth around us remains generous and beautiful, so that clean streams gurgle on it, gardens bloom, and birds sing.
Homework
- Read the textbook material on pages 141, 142.
- Do your homework in a printed notebook.
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