Liberty- a specific way of being of a person, associated with his ability to choose a decision and perform an action in accordance with his goals, interests, ideals and assessments, based on the awareness of the objective properties and relationships of things, the laws of the surrounding world. 1

Necessity- this is a stable, essential connection between phenomena, processes, objects of reality, conditioned by the entire previous course of their development. Necessity exists in nature and society in the form of objective, i.e., independent of human consciousness, laws. The measure of necessity and freedom in one way or another historical era is different, and it defines certain personality types.

The opposition of freedom and necessity and their absolutization led to such two opposing solutions to the problem of freedom as fatalism and voluntarism.

• The concept of “fatalism” denotes views on history and human life as something predetermined by God, fate or objective laws of development. Fatalism considers every human act as an inevitable realization of primordial predestination, which excludes free choice. For example, the philosophy of the Stoics is fatalistic, Christian doctrine. The ancient Roman Stoics said: “Fate guides those who accept it and drags those who resist it.”
• Teachings in which free will is absolutized and real possibilities are ignored are called voluntarism. Voluntarism believes that the world is “ruled by the will,” that is, the viability of a particular creature, individual, or community depends solely on willpower. That which has sufficient will is realized and wins.

If voluntarism leads to arbitrariness, permissiveness and anarchy, then fatalism dooms people to passivity and obedience, and relieves them of responsibility for their actions. Freedom of choice and decision-making require courage, creative effort, constant risk and personal responsibility.

Responsibility is the conscious implementation of mutual demands placed on the individual, the team and society.

Responsibility, accepted by a person as the basis of his personal moral position, acts as the foundation of the internal motivation of his behavior and actions. The regulator of such behavior is conscience.

As the human freedom responsibility increases. But its focus is gradually shifting from the collective (collective responsibility) to the person himself (individual, personal responsibility).

Only a free and responsible person can fully realize himself in social behavior and thereby reveal his potential to the maximum extent.

Unified State Exam section: 1.7. Freedom and the need for human activity. Freedom and responsibility

Liberty- the possibility of a person committing active creative activity, coinciding with his worldview and desires and based on internal beliefs.

Since each person has his own idea of ​​freedom, it is customary in society to voluntarily limit oneself in order to avoid violating the freedom of other people.

FREEDOM AND NECESSITY IN HUMAN ACTIVITY

In a civilized society it is almost impossible to separate the concepts of freedom and necessity.

Necessity- an inevitable obligation to perform certain actions. Since each member of society is faced with the obligation to act in accordance with accepted social norms of behavior and laws, the freedom of each individual is limited by the need to comply with them. In this case, we can talk about some predetermination human existence.

Determinism(fatalism) - the principle of regularity and causality of all events and phenomena.

With this approach to freedom, the organization of society according to social need, and negative - limiting a person’s own will and placing him within the framework of the current social program.

FREEDOM and WILL

Some philosophers consider the basis of human existence and development to be his will.

Will- a conscious desire to accomplish something.

In cases where a person acts based only on his own interests and needs, the will becomes the measure of freedom, and this style of behavior is called voluntarism.

Voluntarism - philosophical direction, according to which objective laws and necessities in nature and society are denied, and the main role in human development is attributed to the will. In a narrow sense, voluntarism is a method of command management in which a person makes arbitrary decisions in defiance of objective conditions and circumstances.

With such an approach to freedom, the opportunity for each person to act as he pleases, to put his own will above the interests of others, is considered positive, and the possibility of ignoring and arbitrariness in relation to other people and their freedom is considered negative.

FREEDOM and RESPONSIBILITY

If every person's actions were carried out only on the basis of his freedom, the world would plunge into chaos. Diversity of people implies a diversity of interests, desires, values ​​and ideals. Therefore, freedom is inseparable from responsibility, which allows regulating relationships between people.

Responsibility- the need to understand and accept obligations to society for one’s activities.

• Political - the responsibility of political forces to society, it is borne by all members of the government. The state must build its line based on the needs of all citizens. The president of the country carries out actions based not on personal interests, but on the will of the people.
• Legal - the responsibility of people before the law. Society places certain demands on the individual. The individual, in turn, also makes demands on society. Thus, the responsibility is mutual.

TYPES OF LIABILITY

The concept of responsibility includes various options for its application.

• Historical- people's responsibility for their destiny. (Choice of a certain political party, president. Participation in referendums).
• Political— the responsibility of political forces to society is borne by all members of the government. (The president of the country performs actions based not on personal interests, but on the will of the people).
• Legal- people's responsibility before the law. (The person who stole the item is legally responsible.)
• Individual- a person’s responsibility for his actions. (The student did not complete his homework and received a negative mark).
• Group- responsibility of two or more people for the actions of one, several or all members of the group. (The goalkeeper missed the ball, but the whole team lost).

Have you looked at the summary? "Freedom and Necessity".

Needs and interests

In order to develop, a person is forced to satisfy various needs, which are called requirements.

Need- this is a person’s need for what constitutes a necessary condition for his existence. The motives (from the Latin movere - to set in motion, to push) of activity reveal human needs.

Types of human needs

• Biological (organic, material) - needs for food, clothing, housing, etc.
• Social - needs to communicate with other people, in social activities, in public recognition, etc.
• Spiritual (ideal, cognitive) - needs for knowledge, creative activity, creation of beauty, etc.

Biological, social and spiritual needs are interconnected. In humans, biological needs in their essence, unlike animals, become social. For most people, social needs dominate over ideal ones: the need for knowledge often acts as a means of acquiring a profession and taking a worthy position in society.

There are other classifications of needs, for example, the classification developed by the American psychologist A. Maslow:

Basic needs
Primary (congenital)	Secondary (purchased)
Physiological: in reproduction, food, breathing, clothing, housing, rest, etc.	Social: in social connections, communication, affection, caring for another person and attention to oneself, participation in joint activities
Existential (Latin exsistentia - existence): in the security of one’s existence, comfort, job security, accident insurance, confidence in tomorrow etc.	Prestigious: in self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achieving success and high praise, career growth Spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression, self-realization

The needs of each next level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.

One should remember about reasonable limitation of needs, since, firstly, not all human needs can be fully satisfied, and secondly, needs should not contradict the moral norms of society.

Reasonable needs- these are the needs that help the development in a person of his truly human qualities: the desire for truth, beauty, knowledge, the desire to bring good to people, etc.

Needs underlie the emergence of interests and inclinations.

Interest(lat. interest - to have meaning) - a person’s purposeful attitude towards any object of his need.

People's interests are directed not so much at the objects of need, but at those social conditions that make these objects more or less accessible, especially material and spiritual goods that ensure the satisfaction of needs.

Interests are determined by the position of various social groups and individuals in society. They are more or less recognized by people and are the most important incentives for various types of activities.

There are several classifications of interests:

according to their carrier: individual; group; the whole society.

by focus: economics; social; political; spiritual.

Interest must be distinguished from inclination. The concept of “interest” expresses focus on a specific subject. The concept of “inclination” expresses a focus on a certain activity.

Interest is not always combined with inclination (much depends on the degree of accessibility of a particular activity).

A person’s interests express the direction of his personality, which largely determines his life path, the nature of his activities, etc.

Freedom and Necessity in Human Activity

Liberty- a word with multiple meanings. Extremes in the understanding of freedom:

The essence of freedom– a choice associated with intellectual and emotional-volitional tension (burden of choice).

Social conditions for the realization of freedom of choice of a free person:

• on the one hand – social norms, on the other hand – forms of social activity;
• on the one hand - the place of a person in society, on the other hand - the level of development of society;
• socialization.

1. Freedom is a specific way of being for a person, associated with his ability to choose a decision and perform an action in accordance with his goals, interests, ideals and assessments, based on awareness of the objective properties and relationships of things, the laws of the surrounding world.
2. Responsibility is an objective, historically specific type of relationship between an individual, a team, and society from the point of view of the conscious implementation of mutual requirements placed on them.
3. Types of responsibility:

• Historical, political, moral, legal, etc.;
• Individual (personal), group, collective.
• Social responsibility is a person’s tendency to behave in accordance with the interests of other people.
• Legal liability – liability before the law (disciplinary, administrative, criminal; material)

Responsibility- a socio-philosophical and sociological concept that characterizes an objective, historically specific type of relationship between an individual, a team, and society from the point of view of the conscious implementation of mutual requirements placed on them.

Responsibility, accepted by a person as the basis of his personal moral position, acts as the foundation of the internal motivation of his behavior and actions. The regulator of such behavior is conscience.

Social responsibility is expressed in a person's tendency to behave in accordance with the interests of other people.

As human freedom develops, responsibility increases. But its focus is gradually shifting from the collective (collective responsibility) to the person himself (individual, personal responsibility).

Only a free and responsible person can fully realize himself in social behavior and thereby reveal his potential to the maximum extent.

Currently, in philosophy, personal freedom is considered as a historical, social and moral imperative, a criterion for the development of individuality and a reflection of the level of development of society.

IN Everyday life a person faces pressure from external circumstances. People are not free to choose the time and place of their birth, the objective conditions of life, etc. A person is not free to change the social framework of choice; they are given to him, on the one hand, as an inheritance from the entire previous history of the development of mankind, on the other hand, by the existing existence of a specific sociality in which the subject of choice exists. But human existence is always about alternatives that involve a choice, which is characterized by both different means of achieving the set goals and different results of achieving the set goals.

Some modern philosophers believe that man is “doomed” to freedom, since the transformation of the world is a way of human existence, and this creates an objective (independent of the will and consciousness of man) condition for freedom. The problem arises for him when he learns about the existence of others life paths and begins to evaluate and select them.

Liberty– 1) this is a specific way of being of a person, associated with his ability to choose a decision and perform an action in accordance with his goals, interests, ideals and assessments, based on awareness of the objective properties and relationships of things, the laws of the surrounding world; 2) this is the ability to recognize objective necessity and, based on this knowledge, develop the right goals, make and choose informed decisions and put them into practice in practice.

Freedom Core is a choice that is always associated with a person’s intellectual, emotional and volitional tension. Individual freedom in society is not absolute, but relative. Society, through its norms and restrictions, determines the range of choices. This range is determined by: the conditions for the realization of freedom, established forms of social activity, the level of development of society and the place of man in social system, the goals of human activity, which are formulated in accordance with the internal motivations of each person, the rights and freedoms of other people.

In the history of social thought, the problem of freedom has always been associated with the search for different meanings. Most often it came down to the question of whether a person has free will or all his actions are determined by external necessity (predestination, God's providence, fate, fate, etc.). Freedom and Necessity– philosophical categories that express the relationship between human activity and the objective laws of nature and society.

Necessity- this is a stable, essential connection between phenomena, processes, objects of reality, conditioned by the entire previous course of their development. Necessity exists in nature and society in the form of objective, i.e., independent of human consciousness, laws. The measure of necessity and freedom in a given historical era is different, and it determines certain types of personality.

Fatalism(lat. fatalis – fatal) – worldview concept, according to which all processes in the world are subject to the rule of necessity and exclude any possibility of choice and chance.

Voluntarism(Latin voluntas - will) - a worldview concept that recognizes will as the fundamental principle of all things, neglects necessity and objective historical processes.

Freedom as a known necessity interpreted B. Spinoza, G. Hegel, F. Engels. The interpretation of freedom as a recognized necessity is of great practical importance, since it presupposes a person’s comprehension, consideration and assessment of the objective limits of his activity.

Freedom is inseparable from responsibility, from duties to oneself, to society and to its other members. Responsibility– a socio-philosophical and sociological concept that characterizes an objective, historically specific type of relationship between an individual, a team, and society from the point of view of the conscious implementation of mutual requirements placed on them. Personal responsibility has two sides:

– external: the ability to apply certain social sanctions to the individual (the individual is responsible to society, the state, and other people while complying with the duties assigned to him; bears moral and legal responsibility);

– internal: responsibility of the individual to himself (development of a person’s sense of duty, honor and conscience, his ability to exercise self-control and self-government).

Types of responsibility:1) historical, political, moral, legal, etc.; 2) individual (personal), group, collective.; 3) social(expressed as a person’s tendency to behave in accordance with the interests of other people).

The dependence between freedom and responsibility of the individual is directly proportional: the more freedom society gives a person, the greater his responsibility for using this freedom. Responsibility– self-regulator of an individual’s activity, an indicator of the social and moral maturity of an individual, can manifest itself in different characteristics human behavior and actions: discipline and self-discipline, organization, the ability to foresee the consequences of one’s own actions, the ability to predict, self-control, self-esteem, critical attitude towards oneself.

1.8. System structure of society: elements and subsystems

Society– 1) in a narrow sense: the social organization of the country, ensuring the joint functioning of people; a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin (society of numismatists, noble assembly); a separate specific society, country, state, region; historical stage in the development of mankind (feudal society, capitalist society); humanity as a whole;

2) V in a broad sense: a part isolated from nature, but closely connected with it material world, which is a historically developing form of connections and relationships between people in the process of their life.

A country is a geographical concept that denotes a part of the world, a territory that has certain boundaries.

State– a political organization of society with a certain type of government (monarchy, republic, councils, etc.), bodies and structure of government (authoritarian or democratic).

Development of views on society

1. Aristotle Society was understood as a collection of individuals who united to satisfy their social instincts.

2. T. Hobbes, J.-J. Rousseau (XVII–XVIII centuries) put forward the idea of ​​a social contract, that is, a contract between people, each of whom has sovereign rights to control their actions.

3. Hegel considered society as a complex system of relations, highlighting as the subject of consideration the so-called civil society, that is, a society where there is a dependence of everyone on everyone.

4. O. Comte believed that the structure of society is determined by the forms of human thinking (theological, metaphysical and positive). He viewed society itself as a system of elements, which are the family, classes and the state, and the basis is formed by the division of labor between people and their relationships with each other.

5. M. Weber considered society a product of interaction between people, as a result of their social action in the interests of one and all.

6. T. Parsons defined society as a system of relations between people, the connecting principle of which is norms and values.

7. K. Marx viewed society as a historically developing set of relationships between people that develop in the process of their joint activities.

Society criteria: the presence of a single territory, which is the material basis for the emerging within its borders social connections; universality (comprehensive nature); autonomy, the ability to exist independently and independently of other societies; integrativeness: society is able to maintain and reproduce its structures in new generations, to include more and more new individuals in a single context of social life.

Properties of the society: relative autonomy; self-sufficiency; self-regulation.

Functions of the society: production material goods and services; distribution of labor products (activities); regulation and management of activities and behavior; human reproduction and socialization; spiritual production and regulation of human activity.

Public relations – diverse forms of interaction between people, as well as connections that arise between different social groups (or within them). Society– a set of social relations.

Material relations arise and develop directly in the course of a person’s practical activity outside of his consciousness and independently of him, these are: production relations, environmental relations, etc. Spiritual (ideal) relationships formed and determined by spiritual values, these are: moral relations, political relations, legal relations, artistic relations, philosophical relations, religious relations.

Sphere of social life (subsystem)– a certain set of stable relations between social actors. Spheres public life are large, stable, relatively independent subsystems of human activity and include: a) certain types of human activity(eg educational, political, religious); b) social institutions (such as family, school, parties, church); V) existing relationships between people(i.e., connections that arose in the process of human activity, for example, relations of exchange and distribution in the economic sphere).

Main spheres of public life

1. Social(elements - peoples, nations, classes, sex and age groups, etc., their relationships and interconnections).

2. Economic(elements - productive forces, production relations, unity of production, specialization and cooperation, consumption, exchange and distribution) - ensures the production of goods necessary to satisfy the material needs of individuals.

3. Political(elements - state, parties, socio-political movements, etc.) - a complex of relations between states, parties, public organizations, individuals regarding the exercise of power.

4. Spiritual(elements - philosophical, religious, artistic, legal, political and other views of people, their moods, emotions, ideas about the world around them, traditions, customs, etc.) - covers various forms and levels of social consciousness.

All of these spheres of society and their elements continuously interact, change, but mostly remain unchanged (invariant) and retain the functions assigned to them. In each of the spheres of society, corresponding social institutions- this is a group of people, relationships between whom are built according to certain rules (family, army, etc.), and a set of rules for certain social entities (for example, the institution of the presidency).

The complex nature of social systems is combined with their dynamism, that is, their mobile, changeable nature.

Social system- this is an ordered whole, which is a collection of individual social elements - individuals, groups, organizations, institutions.

Society as a complex, self-developing system is characterized by the following specific features: 1. It is distinguished by a wide variety of different social structures and subsystems. 2. Society is a system of extra- and supra-individual forms, connections and relationships that a person creates with his active work together with other people. 3. Self-sufficiency is inherent, i.e. the ability to create and reproduce through active joint activity the necessary conditions own existence.

4. Society is distinguished by exceptional dynamism, incompleteness and alternative development. The main character in choosing development options is a person. 5. Highlights the special status of the subjects that determine its development. 6. Society is characterized by unpredictability and non-linear development.

Society itself can be considered as a system consisting of many subsystems, and each subsystem is a system at its own level and has its own subsystems.

A) From the point of view of the functional relationships of its elements, i.e. from the point of view of structure, the relationships between the elements of the system are maintained by themselves, without being directed by anyone or anything from the outside. The system is autonomous and does not depend on the will of the individuals included in it.

B) From the point of view of the relationship between the system and the outside world around it - the environment. The relationship of a system with its environment serves as a criterion for its strength and viability. The environment is potentially hostile to the system because it affects it as a whole, that is, it introduces changes into it that can disrupt its functioning. The system is harmonious, has the ability to spontaneously restore and establish a state of balance between itself and the external environment.

B) System can reproduce itself without the conscious participation of the individuals included in it.

D) The characteristics of the system also include ability to integrate new ones into themselves social formations. It subordinates its logic and forces newly emerging elements to work according to its rules for the benefit of the whole - new classes and social strata, new institutions and ideologies, etc.

Society is a dynamic system, that is, it is in constant motion, development, changing its features, characteristics, states. The change of states is caused both by the influences of the external environment and by the needs of the development of the system itself.

Dynamic systems can be linear And nonlinear. Changes in linear systems are easily calculated and predicted, since they occur relative to the same stationary state.

Society is a nonlinear system. This means that what is happening in it in different time Under the influence of different reasons, processes are determined and described by different laws. This is why social change always contains a degree of unpredictability. A nonlinear system is capable of generating special structures towards which processes of social change are directed (new complexes of social roles that did not exist before and which are organized into a new social order; new preferences of mass consciousness: new political leaders are nominated, new political parties, groups, unexpected coalitions are formed and unions, there is a redistribution of forces in the struggle for power).

Society is an open system, it reacts to the slightest influence from the outside, to any accident.

Society can be represented as a multi-level system: first level - social roles that set the structure of social interactions; second level - institutions and communities, each of which can be represented as a complex stable and self-reproducing systemic organization.

The social system can be considered in four aspects: how the interaction of individuals; as group interaction; as a hierarchy of social statuses (institutional roles); as a set of social norms and values ​​that determine the behavior of individuals.

Lesson topic: “Freedom and necessity in human activity”

Lesson Objectives

Educational : create conditions for students to develop an idea of ​​personal freedom in its various manifestations, signs and limitations of freedom

Developmental e: continue to work on developing conceptual thinking, critical thinking, ability to work with text information, systematize it, ability to compare, analyze and draw conclusions

Educational : formation of worldview, main value which is a deeply personal meaning of the concepts of freedom, responsibility, respect for the rights and freedoms of others

Lesson type: lesson on mastering new knowledge

Lesson form: lesson - research with elements of critical thinking technology

Equipment: Personal Computer, presentation

Textbook for general education institutions (basic level) edited by L. N. Bogolyubov, N. I. Gorodetskaya, A. I. Matveev. M., “Enlightenment”.

Baranov P.A., Vorontsov A.V. “Problem assignments in social studies lessons.”

Epigraph

During the classes

I.Organizing time

II.Motivation

You see photographs of an outdoor sculpture installed in Philadelphia.

What do you think it's called? (Sculptural composition “Freedom” by American postmodern sculptor Zenos Frudakis) Freedom (if they can’t answer, we show these images)

Freedom of poetry , Freedom leading the people" , The Statue of Liberty

What do these images have in common? Freedom.

About his work “Freedom” Zenos says the following: “I wanted to create a sculpture that, looking at it, anyone, regardless of background, would understand that we are talking about an attempt to break free. This sculpture symbolizes the struggle for freedom through the creative process. Although for me, this feeling arose due to a specific personal situation, I felt that it is inherent in almost every person who is looking for a way out of a specific situation, overcoming life circumstances, waging an internal struggle, and finding a way out.

III . Updating knowledge

Freedom is a complex phenomenon. Each person has its own shades.

What is freedom for a pirate? Capturing the Prisoner's ships? Get out of Schoolboy prison? Holidays

Brainstorming Technique

What is freedom for you?

Russian philosopher and sociologist de Roberti once jokingly remarked that the one who can give precise definition the concept of freedom is worthy of a Nobel Prize.

What will the lesson be about? What versions?

Working with an epigraph

You call yourself free. Free from what and free for what?
F. Nietzsche, German. philosopher second floor. XIX century

What issues need to be considered?

What is freedom?

Signs of freedom. Restrictions on freedom

3. Necessity for human activity

Statement of lesson purpose

Target: study what freedom is, the necessity of human activity, choice in the face of alternatives and responsibility for its consequences

Tasks: to form ideas about personal freedom in its various manifestations, signs and limitations of freedom

Develop the ability to work with text information, systematize it, compare, analyze and draw conclusions

IV . Mastering new knowledge

Filling out the mind map as the lesson progresses

1. What is freedom?

Working with sources

There are many different definitions of freedom. You need to study the definitions of freedom. Highlight what is common in the definitions.

1.For the first time the concept of freedom as philosophical category introduced by Socrates, who understood freedom as the internal state of a person. “The man who knows how to control his instincts is truly free. That person is a slave who does not know how to subjugate them and becomes their victim.”

2. In the twentieth century, N. Berdyaev in the book “On Slavery and Freedom” writes “Man is a king and a slave. I see three states of a person... which can be designated as “master”, “slave” and “free”. Master and slave... cannot exist without each other. The free one exists on his own... The world of slavery is the world of a spirit alienated from itself.” Freedom was not created by God, rational freedom, freedom in truth and goodness... freedom in God and received from God.” The spirit conquers nature, regaining unity with God, and the spiritual integrity of the individual is restored.

IN understanding of freedom is associated with the presence person.

IN :

Freedom - the course of events in such a way that the will of everyone actor in these events was not violated by the will of others.

IN freedom is the possibility of certain human behavior enshrined in the constitution or other legislative act (for example,, etc

Freedom is a space of objective opportunities for self-affirmation and self-realization of a social subject (individual, social group, social community);

Freedom is the ability and opportunity of a person to act of his own free will, in accordance with his interests and goals, without violating the same rights of other people, the security of society and the state.

What do the definitions have in common?

Conscious choice of behavior, inherent only to the individual, independence, lack of coercion, will, conscious need, opportunity the right choice, responsibility

What is freedom?To define the concept of “freedom” we will begin by highlighting the signs of freedom.

Signs of freedom

Let's name the sign of freedom that the sculptor reflected. What is the first thing that catches your eye?

(Exit from the format, departure from the usual, everything should let you go and you can just be yourself, break out of the shackles, absence of certain restrictions)

– those. Liberty - no restrictions . Do you agree with this definition? (No. The absence of restrictions does not always lead to good things - it can lead to anarchy, the tyranny of others who are equally “free”)

- What limits us in this world?

(Laws, moral standards, responsibilities, body capabilities...fear, power, habits, lies, accusations, patterns, habits)internal and external restrictions

internal motivations external circumstances

- Thus, we can conclude that understanding freedom as the absence of restrictions is not an entirely correct principle. More precisely about independence, absence of coercion, will, possibility of choice

But can we always make our choice? Group work (each group is offered 2 sheets of A 4 format, and they are either the same color, or different colors). Assignment - in current 1 min. prove to me that one of the sheets is better in terms of its characteristics, which means you choose it.
(Usually the group of students who have sheets of the same color and format find it difficult to make arguments.) Change the sheets, ask them to show the merits of this or that sheet in new conditions.
Comment.

Working with sources

Buridanov's donkey . This is the name given to a person who is indecisive in making a choice or hesitates between two equal choices.

Text "Buridan's Donkey"

Once upon a time there lived Buridan... And that Buridan had a donkey. One day Buridan decided to feed his donkey, and no, to put the food in one place, but he filled two feeders with food, and it so happened that the same amount of food came out. And there was no difference between the feeders, and it was impossible to give preference to any one feeder. Buridanov the donkey will look at one feeder, look at another - he doesn’t know which one to approach. The donkey chose for a long time until he died of hunger. This is the story about Buridan's donkey.

What is the meaning of what you read?

Can we say that the more choices we have, the better? (explain your position).

The Buridan Paradox says the opposite. Even if there are two choices, it is difficult for a person to choose something specific.

Increasing the number of choices increases the difficulty. If there is one option, we will definitely choose it. As soon as there is a list, we begin to get lost. Because the problem of choice is like giving up life. While you are choosing, you are not living. While you are choosing, you are hungry and thirsty. While you are choosing, vacancies in the proposed jobs will be filled by other, less hesitant candidates

PARABLE

One day God created the world and populated it with creatures very similar to each other. But to make it more interesting for them to live in this world, he decided to make them unique, based on their own desires.

And so some wanted to fly, God gave them wings and called them Birds. The second wanted to swim, and God gave them fins and called them Pisces. Still others wanted to run, and God gave them legs, calling them Beasts. Others wished to become small, God did so, calling them Insects. And God asked the latter: “What do you want?”

“We want to be whoever we want,” they answered.

And then God gave them a choice and called them People.

What did they ask?

How does the parable relate to today's lesson?

(choice and awareness Choice is associated with the intellect, and the volitional tension of a person - the burden of choice. Those who face a choice experience torment.
Conclusion: The exercised freedom presupposes the presence of free choice between different possibilities. The basis of choice is responsibility

Conditions for the existence of freedom:

A person makes a choice at his own peril and risk, i.e. freedom is inseparable from responsibility for using it;

The freedom of one should not harm the freedom and interests of another, i.e. freedom cannot be absolute.

Freedom is inseparable from responsibility, from duties to oneself, to society and to its other members.

Responsibility – an objective, historically specific type of relationship between an individual, a team, and society from the point of view of the conscious implementation of mutual requirements placed on them.

Personal responsibility has two sides:

– external: the ability to apply certain social sanctions to the individual (the individual is responsible to society, the state, and other people while complying with the duties assigned to him; bears moral and legal responsibility);

– internal: the individual’s responsibility to himself (development of a person’s sense of duty, honor and conscience, his ability to exercise self-control and self-government). Awareness of conditions, goals, the need to choose a method of action

Types of responsibility : 1) historical, political, moral, legal, etc.; 2) individual (personal), group, collective.; 3) social (expressed in a person’s tendency to behave in accordance with the interests of other people).

The dependence between freedom and responsibility of the individual is directly proportional: the more freedom society gives a person, the greater his responsibility for using this freedom.

Responsibility is a self-regulator of an individual’s activity, an indicator of the social and moral maturity of an individual, and can manifest itself in various characteristics of a person’s behavior and actions: discipline and self-discipline, organization, the ability to foresee the consequences of one’s own actions, the ability to predict, self-control, self-esteem, a critical attitude towards oneself.

2.Freedom is a conscious necessity

Necessity is something that must necessarily happen under given conditions;

Do you understand the definition? Then give an example of the need.

(Going to school for a student... Food, the need for rest - all physiological needs, something that a person cannot cancel)

How do you understand the phrase “ Perceived need»?

(we understand why we are doing this; sometimes it seems to a person that he is making a free choice, but in fact he is aware of why he is performing this particular action)

The problem of the relationship between freedom and necessity in human decision-making

considers every human act as an inevitable realization of primordial predestination, excluding free choice.

Pechorin is a fatalist.

absolutizes free will, bringing it to the arbitrariness of an unlimited personality, ignoring objective conditions and patterns.

the desire to realize desired goals without taking into account objective circumstances and possible consequences.

Khrushchev

Every free action of a person is a fusion of freedom and necessity. Necessity is contained in the form of conditions of existence objectively given to the individual.

Working with a table. What are the points of view on freedom in human activity?

The question of their relationship in human activity is of great importance for assessing all human actions. Neither morality nor law can get around this problem, because... Without recognition of individual freedom, there can be no talk of moral and legal responsibility for one’s actions. If a person’s behavior is determined only by necessity, the question of responsibility for one’s behavior loses all meaning.

According to the third point of view, human activity is determined not only by external circumstances, but also by internal motivations. Identical causes entail not identical consequences on the part of a person; they are refracted in the inner world of people.

Illustrate with examples from literature and history

Before we define freedom, tell us what you do when you need to do something like this. educational action?

(we look in the textbook, we try to formulate it ourselves based on personal experience, looking for synonyms, associations, etc.)

We record the conclusion - there are different ways of acting in this situation. And you can now formulate your definition in a notebook, or you can use what you have. (lack of restrictions - absence of external coercion, will, availability of choice options and awareness of the need)

Awareness is a mandatory element (this is how we differ from animals)

Define freedom

Freedom is the ability for a person to consciously choose types of activities in accordance with his desires, interests and goals, creating conditions for self-realization

Have you discussed how to define it more easily? (dictionaries - everything is clear there, simple

It's easier when we follow authority, especially when we're unsure about something. "All agree? Everyone agrees) Most of you did not formulate your definition, but rewrote what was on the slide.Philosophers noticed this in ancient times.

AErich Fromm described the mechanism of “escape from freedom”

We declare that freedom is a value, but in our activities we reduce our conscious options for choice. It's easier for us. Why are we running from freedom?

(making a decision means taking responsibility for your choice) Human freedom consists in the fact that he is free to choose goals and means

V .Primary consolidation.

Create a cluster based on options

1. Signs of freedom

alternative, choice, opportunity, will, activity, independence, necessity, responsibility, awareness

Importance ranking method:

Alternative, choice, will, awareness, activity, choice, responsibility, independence

2.Create a cluster ADDICTION

from the opinions of others, habits, vices, parents, assessments of others, rules of conduct, money

3.Create a cluster RESTRICTIONS

morality, power, lies, accusations, patterns, habits
Now let's think about what underlies these dependencies? Fear! We are afraid of seeming stupid, funny, awkward, unfashionable, etc. Fear transforms into cliches: they won’t understand me, what they will think of me, what if someone sees me.

Working with the source “Dialogue on Freedom”: reading by role:
Author: Standing in a circle, the sorcerer's student made a sacrifice and began to call upon the demon of fear. But no matter how hard the boy tried, nothing happened. He was about to leave the circle when he suddenly saw a huge cat in front of him.

Boy: Who are you???

Demon: What do you mean "who"? You called for a demon, here I am. What did you want? Tell me, I'm in a good mood today.

Boy: Are you a demon of fear?

Demon: Well, he was for several centuries...

Boy: How can I become free from fears? I want to find freedom!

Demon: What is freedom for you, boy?

Boy: The ability to make decisions independently, not to depend on fears. To be free, in general.

Demon: You didn’t explain to me what “freedom” is for you, and who took it away from you. Why should I answer you a question whose meaning is not clear to you?

Boy: What do you mean “who took it away”? People, of course.

Demon: Really? How?

Boy: Well, so... They established their own rules in this world, and everyone must live by them.

Demon: Really? How can they force you to accept something if you don’t want it?

Boy: They have many ways. For example, go to jail.

Demon: Is it really more terrible to lose the opportunity to move further than four walls than to lose yourself in the gray mass of the living? I don’t understand you, baby, oh, I don’t understand.

Boy: What's incomprehensible here? If you do something wrong, go to jail or die.

Demon: Child, I cannot and do not want to hammer knowledge into your empty head. If you really need it, you can get there yourself. I gave you a hint. I've already wasted too much time on you.

Author: The demon has disappeared. The boy stood in the circle for some time and wandered home. The more the boy thought about the demon’s words, the more harmonious his chain of thoughts became.
And finally, the thought struck him: “To be free in society means...
Assignment: Guess how the author ends this expression.
Voice the author’s version: “To be free means to remain yourself, not to lose yourself, to live your life.” ON THE. Berdyaev wrote: “We will be freed from external oppression only when we are freed from internal slavery, i.e. Let’s take responsibility and stop blaming external forces for everything” - do you agree with this position of N. Berdyaev?

As a general conclusion of the previous discussions: It is impossible to live in society and be free from society!

VI . REFLECTION

Checking the fullness of the smart card

Intelligence map

Freedom and necessity in human activity

FREEDOM

Choice awareness responsibility

Homework.

Write an essay: Plato: “Giving freedom to a person who does not know how to use it means ruining him.”

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