Catholic churches and cathedrals presentation. Catholic churches as works of art. Tips for making a good presentation or project report

Schism in Christianity christian church into Western (Catholic) and Eastern (Orthodox) occurred in 1054. Different views on one religion forced each of the directions to go their own way. Differences appeared not only in the interpretation of the Bible, but also in the arrangement of temples.

External differences Orthodoxy Catholicism You can find out which direction the church belongs to even from a distance. An Orthodox church is distinguished by the presence of domes, the number of which carries one meaning or another. For example, one dome is a symbol of the one Lord God. Five domes - Christ with four apostles. Catholics are very fond of the Gothic style, namely, their churches are elongated, directed upward, with elongated sharp tops, very high vaults. They believe that the temple is a ship symbolizing the Universe. The elongated interior of the temple is the nave, in French navis, translated as ship.

Internal differences Orthodoxy Catholicism In an Orthodox church, the place where parishioners pray is most often a square or rectangle. In the Catholic Church, the space for praying parishioners always has the shape of an elongated rectangle. In an Orthodox church, unlike a Catholic church, benches are not used. Believers must pray standing. The exception is sick people and several benches have been prepared for them. In Catholic churches, during divine services an organ (musical instrument) is used, which adds solemnity to the service, while in Orthodox churches only choral singing is used. It is believed that Orthodox singing reflects better Orthodox life, God-like life, i.e. life with God.

In an Orthodox church, the altar is a special room where the most important place in the entire church is located - the holy altar (a specially consecrated quadrangular table), on which the sacrament of Holy Communion is performed. The altar is separated from the middle part of the temple by an iconostasis, consisting of several rows of icons. The altar is the main part of the temple, intended for the clergy and the persons who serve them during worship. The altar represents heaven, the dwelling place of the Lord himself. Orthodoxy Catholicism In a Catholic church, the altar is in full view of everyone and is not separated from the general premises of the church.

Iconographic differences Orthodoxy Catholicism B Orthodox Churches the icons are strict and symbolic. A Catholic icon is a picturesque portrait or painting on a religious theme, the image of which depends entirely on the imagination of the artist. The decoration of a Catholic church, in addition to icons, allows for the presence of reliefs, sculptures and stained glass (images made of colored glass placed in window openings).

Orientation of the temple and the cross to the cardinal points In an Orthodox church, the entrance is always equipped on the western side, respectively, if you stand facing the entrance, then “north” will be on the left, “south” on the right, and “east” straight. Crosses on Orthodox churches are also strictly oriented to the cardinal points and the oblique crossbar on the cross with its raised end points towards the “north”, and the lowered end of the crossbar points towards the “south”. Sometimes on domed crosses Orthodox churches have a crescent symbol at the bottom royal power, who came from Byzantium. In Catholicism, the issue of the orientation of churches is given less importance.

"Description of material:

"Material for the lesson on the subject " Art", on this topic " Catholic churches and cathedrals" The presentation talks about cathedrals and temples, their description, significance, architecture, construction, styles.

"Lesson Objectives:

"Educational.

"To consolidate students' knowledge on the topic "Simple Mechanisms."
Ensure the assimilation of knowledge on the topic " Golden Rule» mechanics.
Expand students' horizons on the topics “Simple mechanisms”, “Golden rule” of mechanics.
Strengthen students' knowledge on these topics.

Developmental.

Develop students' research and analytical skills when conducting experimental work;
Develop the skills to observe, highlight the main thing, draw conclusions, plan and conduct an experiment.
Develop students' cognitive activity and independence.

Educating.

Cultivating interest in the subject through entertaining material.
Creating a favorable psychological environment in the classroom.
Foster a culture of learning activities.

Lesson type: combined.

Methods: verbal, visual, independent work to complete practical work and test.

Organizational forms of communication: individual, collective, group, pair.

Equipment: PC, multimedia projector, laboratory equipment for practical work.

"Excerpt from the material:

Lesson summary “The Golden Rule of Mechanics”
(slide 1)

Organizing time.

Physics teacher - Hello, dear guys, I'm glad to see you! I am pleased that we will spend the next 45 minutes together. I hope for fruitful cooperation. Today we have an unusual lesson - a lesson in experimentation and creativity. The topic of our lesson: “The Golden Rule” of mechanics. (let's write the topic of the lesson in your notebook)

The purpose of our lesson: to study in practice whether simple mechanisms give gains in work (slide 2)

I also ask you to write down in your notebook a question that you would like answered at the end of the lesson.

Updating.

In previous lessons you studied...

Q: Now, look carefully at the screen. (slide number 3) What do you see in the pictures? What historical period of time do you think the events depicted in the pictures belong to?

A: Students answer questions.

U: (slide number 4) What time do you think it is in these photographs? What do they show? What do you think these two shots have in common?

U: Indeed, simple mechanisms were used in ancient times, and have found widespread use in our time.

U: (slide number 5) Questions on the slide.

Formulation of the problem.

If simple mechanisms are used to obtain gains in power,
Let's think, don't simple mechanisms give you a win at work?

How do you think? (put forward hypotheses, write on the board)

How can these hypotheses be tested?

(slide number 6) This proposal completely coincides with the methods of big science, and now you and I are like real scientists.
Our theorists today will be...(2 students)

Practical research will be done by everyone else.
The role of expert today goes to... (student)
Each group has a task on their tables. Without wasting a minute, we complete the task in pairs, helping each other. Each group receives its own task, after completing which we will be able to answer the main question: (slide number 8)

Assignment for theorists: solve the following problems, fill out the table of solution results and draw a conclusion.

First, let's give the floor to a group of theorists: what did you manage to find out?
A: The work is almost the same.
U: - now the report of the first group of practitioners.
- the second group of practitioners is ready to present the results.
- third group
T: What general conclusion can be drawn? (slide number 9)
1. A: None of the simple mechanisms provide any benefit in operation.
This conclusion is so important that in physics it is called the “golden rule” of mechanics. Its author is the ancient Greek scientist Heron of Alexandria, who lived in the 1st century AD, although legend attributes it to Archimedes.

« Golden Rule» mechanics is an approximate law, because it does not take into account the work of overcoming the frictional force and gravity of the parts of the devices used. However, it can be very useful in analyzing the operation of any simple mechanism.

Let's write the conclusion in a notebook:

None of the simple mechanisms provide any benefit in operation.

Everyone who deals with construction, with machines, mechanisms knows this: If we win in strength, we will lose in distance, and vice versa.

Well, now, let's return to the questions that you wrote down at the beginning of the lesson. Did you receive answers to them or not?

“Forms of government” - State structure. In republics and constitutional monarchies, legislative power belongs to parliament, and executive power to the government. Monarchies. Republic. Vatican, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Brunei. Type of political regime. Monarchy. Political system countries of the world. Among monarchies modern world Empires prevail.

“Memory device” - The main characteristics of the system bus are width and frequency. Output devices. Motherboards are made using chipsets called chipsets. Backbone-modular principle of computer construction. Faster devices such as a printer and scanner are connected to the parallel port.

“Resurrection Cathedral” - K. Konyushev. The cathedral is surrounded on three sides by two-tier galleries. The cathedral is crowned by a powerful five-domed dome with simple, slender eight-pointed crosses. Bibliography. Resurrection Cathedral (1652-1675). The history of the Resurrection Cathedral is remarkable. The whole temple is like a white stone wonder! Resurrection Cathedral. Something like lace - a colored pattern. I was fascinated by its skillful execution.

“Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir” - Assumption Cathedral. The Assumption Cathedral was considered the most beautiful building ancient Rus'. There was also a trading and meeting area here. By the 17th century, the western part of Vladimir became a city trading center. Museum reserve. The city of Vladimir is the father of Russian cities. The Assumption Cathedral was higher than the Kyiv St. Sophia Cathedral.

“Computer structure, grade 8” - Software processing of data on a computer. Data. Program. RAM. Input Devices. Evolution of information coding. PC hardware. Output devices. Long-term memory. Highway. Device characteristics The principle of operation of the device. A computer is a universal device for processing information.

“The structure of the temple” - The middle part of the temple. Altar in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. New iconostasis in the monastery on VALAAM. Holy Chalice, Paten, Star, Spear, Liar, Plath. The symbolic meaning of the porch is the place of contact between the divine and the earth. Construction of the temple. The altar rises above the middle part and is separated from the temple by an iconostasis.

Slide 1

At the head of the Christian world ( Catholic Church in the XII - XIII centuries)) Work of Belyaeva LE, teacher history of municipal educational institution Myshkinskaya secondary school. 2009

Slide 2

Lesson plan Repetition of the material studied. Learning new material: a) elevation papal power. Innocent III; b) the emergence of heresies; c) inquisition against heresies; d) new orders. 3. Consolidation of new knowledge.

Slide 3

- When and why did the division of the Christian Church occur? Christianity Western (Catholics) Center - Rome Eastern - Greek (Orthodox) Center (was) - Constantinople 1054 repetition

Slide 4

repetition - What was the essence of the Cluny reform? Which of Pope Gregory VII's demands did the German Emperor resist? - How did the dispute between the pope and the emperor end? - What does the expression “Go to Canossa” mean? In Canossa

Slide 5

"1. The Roman Church was created by one God. 2. Only the Bishop of Rome is rightfully called ecumenical. 3. He alone can depose bishops and restore them... ... 8. He alone has the right to dispose of the signs of imperial dignity. 9. All princes kiss the feet of one dad. 10. Only his name is remembered in churches. 11. He is the only one in the world called dad. 12. He can depose emperors... ...18. No one dares to cancel his decisions, and he himself cancels anyone’s. 19. No one is his judge... ... 27. He can free his subjects from allegiance to bad rulers.” Was the Catholic Church as powerful as the popes wanted it to be?

Slide 6

The brilliance of papal power At the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th century. the popes strengthened their power. Attempts by some emperors to subjugate Italy failed (Frederick Barbarossa (1152-1190) and his grandson Frederick II (1212-1250)). The most powerful of the Roman popes, Innocent III (1198-1216), declared that the pope is the vicar of Jesus Christ on earth, and therefore he is above all authorities, ecclesiastical and secular. Innocent III Frederick Barbarossa

Slide 7

The emergence of heresies Heresy - a teaching that differs from church doctrine Heretic - an adherent of heresy Sect - groups of heretics who rejected the Roman Church Reasons for the appearance of heresies: The rise of cities, freethinking of citizens Spread of literacy, reading the Bible by believers

Slide 8

Illustration of a legend that says that the works of St. Dominic and the Albigensians were thrown into the fire in turn. The fire spared only Dominic's works. Fight with Albigensian heresy(1209 - 1255) During the Albigensian wars, more than a million people died on both sides. The Albigensians were expelled from the city of Carcassonne. This cross was sewn onto the clothes of the repentant Albigensians

Slide 9

The fight against heretics The church used various means to fight heretics. In the 13th century, believers were forbidden to read the Bible; they must become acquainted with it under the guidance of church ministers. The Inquisition was created - a special court to deal with heretics. The Inquisition gained the right to torture anyone who fell into its hands. Through torture, the monks extracted “confessions” even from innocent people. A book created to identify witches and witchcraft Interrogation of the Inquisition Meeting of the Inquisition

Slide 10

The fight against heretics If a person admitted his “guilt,” he was sentenced to life imprisonment or a painless execution. If he did not confess, he was sentenced to be burned at the stake. At the call of the pope, crusades were organized in areas where there were many heretics. Robberies and murders of heretics took place there. Burning at the stake. Accusations of witchcraft.

Slide 11

Monastic brotherhoods in the XII - XV centuries. the number of monastic brotherhoods grew - orders that helped the pope fight heretics Monastic orders: Benedictines Cistercians were white monks who were distinguished by a particularly strict life. They built their monasteries in hard-to-reach places, turning them into estates Cistercian monastery Benedictine monastery

Slide 12

. Monastic brotherhoods 1209 - formation of the Franciscan Order. Its founder was Francis of Assisi. They renounced all possessions and lived on alms. They preached apostolic poverty, love of neighbor Francis of Assisi Franciscan monk The Dominican Order had the same rules. But they saw their main task as the fight against heretics. The most famous Dominican was Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225/1226-1274). The works of Thomas Aquinas formed the basis of the official teaching of the Catholic Church (Thomism) Thomas Aquinas Order attire - a dark brown woolen cassock, belted with a rope, to which a rosary is tied, a round short hood and sandals

Catholic Cathedral

For a long time, Catholic churches were erected at the site of the death of one of the martyrs. Cathedrals - symbols of faith were built in almost every architectural style inherent in a particular time. But most often the architecture of the Catholic Church is represented

2 styles:

gothic And Romanesque .

Roman style

The main type of art is architecture, mainly church (temple-fortress, monastery complexes). The main element of the composition of the monastery is the tower - donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The basis of the plan is basilica, that is, the longitudinal organization of space. The main motive of the interior is semicircular arches.

The portals of Romanesque churches had sculptural decorations that served an educational function.

Scene Last Judgment on the tympanum

GOTHIC STYLE

Gothic Cathedral – image of the world. The cathedral is not only a beauty that we cannot help but admire. Even if this is no longer an instruction for you to follow, then, in any case, it is book which needs to be understood. Portal gothic cathedral- this is the Bible. Marcel Proust

From the Romanesque style, Gothic inherited the primacy of architecture in the art system and traditional types of religious buildings. Occupied a special place in Gothic art Cathedral - supreme example synthesis architecture, sculpture and painting . In contrast to the Romanesque style with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by arches with pointed tops, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (vimpergi, tympanums, archivolts) and multi-colored stained glass lancet windows. All style elements emphasize verticality.

The cathedral as the central phenomenon of the Gothic style was focus all types of artistic activity in their total manifestation: architecture, painting (stained glass and painting), music and literature (liturgy and preaching). The cathedral was also the most important center of life European city In addition to church services, university lectures and theatrical performances were held there, and sometimes the city council and the royal parliament met.

Basilica (basilica)(royal house) - a type of rectangular building that consists of an odd number (1, 3 or 5) of naves of different heights. In a multi-nave basilica, the naves are divided by longitudinal rows of columns or pillars, with independent coverings. The central nave is usually wider and higher in height, illuminated by windows of the second tier.

The space of the cathedral, incommensurate with man, verticalism its towers and vaults, the subordination of sculpture to the rhythms of the dynamism of architecture, the multi-colored radiance of stained glass windows had a strong emotional impact on believers. In it, along with divine services, theological debates were held, mysteries were played, and meetings of townspeople took place. The cathedral was thought of as a kind of body of knowledge (mainly theological), a symbol of the Universe, and its artistic structure expressed not only the ideas of medieval social hierarchy and power divine powers over the person, but also the growing self-awareness of the townspeople.

French Gothic Reims

Notre Dame De

Czech Gothic Prague

Italian Gothic Milan

English Gothic Winchester

German Gothic Cologne

Siena Cathedral

Siena Cathedral in honor of the Assumption Holy Virgin Mary, better known as the Duomo, is Italy's glittering marble treasury of Gothic art, home to masterpieces by Pisano, Donatello and Michelangelo.

The façade of the Siena Cathedral is one of the most interesting sights

Italy. Each of the four cardinal directions has its own unique building features, but the most impressive is certainly the western façade.