Good and evil. These two concepts accompany a person throughout his life. From the moment of realizing oneself as an individual, a person comes to understand what a moral choice is. This is what accompanies a person at virtually every stage. life path and shows the level of her moral development.
Choice is part of human life
Every day a person faces a choice. We can say that every day we solve many problems related to the problem of choice. Philosophers believe that this problem is an integral part of any human activity. Of course, we do not make fateful decisions every minute, but it is from these small steps that the long road of life is formed. Therefore, we can say that every second of our existence we choose our future. Well, this theory has a right to exist. However, like many others. After all, the question of choice is very acute in philosophy and ethics. This especially applies to such a concept as moral choice. This is the fundamental point of morality and the value system of human society. I would like to consider this topic in more detail.
Moral choice - what is it?
Any choice presupposes the activity of the subject of the situation. But a moral choice is an assessment of the value system and making a decision in favor of one of them in certain situations. In more in a broad sense this concept is perceived as a problem of the struggle between good and evil, a decision in favor of the dark or light side.
The moral choice of people in favor of one side or another is not always a constant value; in repeated similar situations, the subject can make a completely different decision. This is due to his moral values and experience gained. In addition, it is worth taking into account the conditions in which the individual was raised. After all, every society has its own boundaries of good and evil. That is, in the case when two subjects of a situation make a choice in the direction of good, these may be completely different directions in the system of moral and ethical norms.
Responsibility of moral choice
Moral choice is the responsibility that an individual will bear after making his decision. This responsibility is an unbearable burden for many representatives of society, so they try to avoid making one decision or another. But in any case, every person at least once in his life faces a moral choice that reveals all his ethical and psychological deformations. Indeed, in such situations, the individual must identify himself with some social group, and with its most vivid and characteristic part.
Considering the fact that moral choice- this is responsibility, then we can confidently say that, finding ourselves in a given situation, its subject must advance in his moral development to a certain level.
The moral component of the individual
To understand what moral choice is, you need to understand what exactly motivates a person to make a certain decision. In philosophy, the moral component of a person is considered decisive. It can be presented in the form of a scan of his soul, which displays all the goals, ways to achieve them, priorities and the meaning of life for this particular individual. It is the moral component that gives an assessment of the actions of other people and one’s own, including. It characterizes a personality as positive or negative in the prism of certain actions. It is worth understanding that in the case of an individual person this assessment is very subjective, but in other situations it can show the moral consciousness of the entire society as a whole.
Moral consciousness of the individual
Social consciousness has many forms. But one of the most important is the moral component public consciousness. It represents a kind of cement that consolidates the rules of morality and ethics in a particular society and determines the evaluative criteria for people’s behavior. It is worth noting that moral consciousness is a static value and includes the principles and set of ethical standards accepted in society.
Objects of moral choice
You should not consider the problem of choice without noting the objects of this process. They can be represented as follows:
- individual;
- a separate group of people;
- social structure;
- numerous stratum of society or class.
In any case, the individual must make a decision in favor of someone. This may be a choice between the subject and the group, or a decision that does not affect the interests of the subject at all and concerns a group of other people.
Faced with a moral choice, a person finds himself in a situation of moral choice. It can only exist in the case of several decision options. Moreover, each of the options must be understandable to the individual and amenable to a reasonable explanation.
The situation of moral choice does not imply an unlimited number of decision options; they cannot go beyond the understanding of good and evil. This is an indispensable condition for the current situation, otherwise the choice cannot be considered moral.
Freedom of moral choice
It is worth noting that the problem of choice has a number of features and specified conditions, outside of which the situation completely ceases to exist. Moral freedom of choice is an indispensable condition of the situation. An individual should make a decision based only on his own ideas and taking into account the scale of values, no one should put pressure on him or create a special framework.
Freedom of choice consists of the received opportunity to make a decision and the real ability to take one or another action in order to indicate one’s position.
Conditions for moral choice
The choice between good and evil requires strict adherence to the conditions; they are the basis of the proposed situation and make it static, despite the mass of solution options:
1. Range of possibilities.
Each individual must be aware of and evaluate all choices and their consequences. If for various reasons he is not able to conduct an objective analysis, then the choice will not fully reflect the moral values and foundations of the individual.
2. Social conditions.
Each person always makes a choice within his social class, where certain norms of behavior and values are accepted. This allows you to make a decision rationally, assigning yourself to a certain group.
3. Understanding the need for choice
The individual must clearly realize that he follows his principles and moral standards, and does not make a decision because everyone does it, or no one does it.
If all these nuances are observed, the individual becomes the subject of the situation.
Moral conflict
There are situations when a moral choice arises from certain circumstances that do not lead to a clear victory of good over evil. This problem is called moral conflict. An individual falls into it when, in the proposed circumstances, the decision made becomes evil in another scale of moral and ethical norms and values. In such a situation, a person cannot decide on one option or another.
The choice in a moral conflict can only be determined by the individual’s purely personal moral values. In this situation, the norms accepted in society fade into the background, and the individual is left alone with his principles. Quite often, with such a problem, we can talk about the maturity of the individual as a whole; the life experience gained and the set of established norms will become what will serve as motivation for making a decision.
No. 4 5th grade " Golden Rule morality"
Rules of conduct created by humanity and based on the understanding of good and evil:
Moral standards;+
Politeness rules;
Rules of law;
Religious norms
No. 2. The “Golden Rule of Morality” proclaims the principle:
reasonable selfishness
live yourself - let others live
do unto others as you would have him do unto you+
treat others as they treat you
3. What is the highest moral value?
a) love for one’s neighbor, man, + b) philosophical laws, c) religious commandments, d) knowledge accumulated by humanity.
4 . Who doesn't control our moral choices?
1) public opinion;
2) state laws;+
3) conscience;
4) the opinion of others;
5 . Which of the following principles characterize morality?
1. Philosophers believe that it can be good and evil. 2. A person’s concern not only for himself, but also for other people.
a) 1 is correct, b) 2,+ is correct c) 1 and 2 are correct, d) there is no correct answer.
6 . To fulfill a moral duty, a person needs:
A. Act consciously, voluntarily.
B. Have the courage to overcome yourself..
1) only A is true;
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct;+
4) both judgments are incorrect;
7 TOWhich concept does not correspond to the concept of good?
1) humanism;
2) morality;
3) jealousy;+
4) love;
4) the judgments are incorrect;
8 . According to K. Marx, a man can be judged as a person by his attitude:
1) to a woman;+
2) professional duties;
3) childhood friends
4) all of the above;
9 . Which of the following refers to moral culture?
1) knowledge of moral values;+
2) the desire to acquire a profession;
3) marriage;
4) participation in government;
10 Which of the following characterizes the role of morality in our society?
A. Helps us evaluate the surrounding reality and ourselves.
B. Influences us through public opinion and through the influence of conscience.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;+
4) both judgments are incorrect;
11 . Love can raise morality where:
a) there is no place for jealousy+, b) there is a harmony of coincidence and a harmony of contrast, c) it is based on gratitude, d) a high level of education.
12 Conscience is:
the ability to make a choice in favor of a decision approved by morality
values and ideals internalized by an individual
set of universal human values
13 .Are the following statements correct?
A. Moral standards may vary depending on
Places and eras.
B. Universal spiritual values are
Moral rules common to all people.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3)Both judgments are correct+
4) both judgments are incorrect
14 Are the following statements correct?
A. The principle “thou shalt not kill” is called the “golden rule of morality”
B. the highest moral value is love for one's neighbor.
1) only A is correct
2)only B+ is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
15 .are the following judgments correct?
A. Morality regulates social life through public opinion and human conscience
B. morality regulates the life of society with the help of special institutions.
1)only A+ is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
16 Conscience is
1. a system of mandatory rules of conduct established by the state.
2.personal deep awareness of his responsibility, duty
3.showing deep respect for a person and his dignity+
4.principles and norms governing human behavior
17 .The moral sphere includes the principle
1. Stop, just a moment, you are wonderful.
2. Make haste to do good.+
3.Measure seven times, cut once.
4. study, study and study.
18 .What kind of influence of morality on the life of society is expressed by a catchphrase from the comedy by A.S. Griboedov's "Woe from Wit" "Evil tongues are worse than a pistol"?
The task is to answer “yes” or “no” 19. The concept of “Personality” expresses what is inherent to this person, the totality of his internal properties as a social being (Yes) 2 0 . For personality formationdresidual familyenvironment21 . By ancient legend Zeus said: “All people must share in shame and truth. Otherwise there will be neither cities nor states on Earth gifts, nor the people themselves..." (Yes)22 . Morality is the result, the product of thinking about life,deeds, actions of people (Yes)23 BTo be a responsible person means to foresee the social consequences of one’s actionsand be able to answer for them (Yes)24 . The task of morality is to regulate our lives - this means foreseeing the social consequences of our actions and being able to answer for them (Yes)
25 Shame andTruthmust: 1. Unite people, guide them on the path of good.
2. Relates to universal human values.
a) 1+ is correct, b) 2 is correct, c) 1 and 2 are correct, d) there is no correct answer.
26. Morality regulates the activities of people through: 1. Various organizations.
2. Regulatory documents and officials.
a) 1 is correct, b) 2 is correct, c) 1 and 2 are correct, d) there is no correct answer.+
27. Which concept does not correspond to the concept of evil?
a) immorality, b) degradation of personality, c) immorality, d) phlegmatism.+
28. What is the moral basis of marriage? 1. Family debt. 2. The principle “if you endure it, you fall in love.”
a) 1,+ is correct b) 2 is correct, c) 1 and 2 are correct, d) there is no correct answer.
Option 1
1. Select the correct answer option(s) from the options provided
1. What begins when one person cares for another?
A) Immorality B) Religion C) Morality D) Imperative
2. In the Sermon on the Mount he proclaimed his commandments
A) Moses B) Confucius C) Christ D) Kant
3. A short wise story
A) Commandment B) Mandate C) Morality D) Parable
4. The Christian ideal of morality calls for overcoming hostility through
A) Use of force B) Philosophical debate C) Mercy D) Preaching
5. Being a person means
A) Be personally responsible B) “Be your own master”
C) have strong principles D) All of the above
6. Who doesn't control our moral choices?
A) Public opinion B) State laws
C) Conscience D) Opinion of others
7. To fulfill a moral duty, a person needs
A) Act consciously, voluntarily B) have the courage to overcome yourself
8. Which concept does not correspond to the concept of “good”?
A) Humanism B) Morality C) Jealousy D) Love
9. According to K. Marx, a man can be judged as a person by his attitude
A) To a woman B) Professional duties
C) Childhood friends D) All of the above
10 Which of the following refers to moral culture?
A) Marriage B) The desire to acquire a profession C) Knowledge of moral values
D) Participation in government
11. Which word is missing in the diagram?
| …………………………. | basic |
| Tribal (archaic) |
…….. | World |
2. Explain
A. Moral duty……………………………………………………….
B. Conscience _____________________________________________
3. Moral culture …………………………………………………
Option 2
1. Select the correct answer option(s) from the given ones
1. Human autonomy means
2. Shame and truth should:
A) Unite people, guide them on the path of good B) Relate to universal human values
1. Only A is true 2. Only B is true 3. Both judgments are correct 4. Both judgments are incorrect
3. What is the highest moral value?
A) Love for one’s neighbor, for a person B) Philosophical laws
C) Religious commandments D) Knowledge accumulated by humanity
4. Morality regulates the activities of people through:
A) Various organizations B) Regulatory documents and officials
1. Only A is true 2. Only B is true 3. Both judgments are correct 4. Both judgments are incorrect
5. Which concept does not correspond to the concept of evil?
A) Immorality B) Immorality C) Personality degradation D) Phlegmatism
6. Love can raise morality where
A) There is no place for jealousy B) There is a harmony of coincidence and a harmony of contrast
C) It is based on gratitude D) High level of education
7. Which of the following refers to moral culture?
A) Desire to become a politician B) Outstanding abilities
C) The ability to act morally D) Material security
8.Which of the listed principles characterize morality?
A) Philosophers believe that it can be good and evil B) A person’s concern not only for himself, but also for other people
1. Only A is true 2. Only B is true 3. Both judgments are correct 4. Both judgments are incorrect
9. Personal responsibility moral values, personal awareness of the need to unconditionally fulfill moral requirements is determined by the category
A) Duty B) Conscience C) Honor D) Dignity
10. Human autonomy means
A) Independence B) Initiative C) Determination D) All of the above
11. What word is missing in the diagram?
| Education system in Russia |
| General educational institutions | Higher education institutions |
| Belief in the supernatural | Picture of the world | Behavior Requirements |
2. Explain
A. Moral choice - ………………………………………………………
B. Good……………………………………………………………………………….
B. “The Golden Rule of Morality” - …………………………………………
Yu. G. Ivanova, MBOU "Tsivilskaya Secondary School No. 1 named after M.V. Silantiev, Chuvash Republic
Question 1. What is a moral standard? What is moral duty?
A moral norm is a general substantive requirement for the behavior and activities of a social worker, fair in all situations and circumstances.
A moral norm, as an element of moral consciousness, is an elementary form of moral requirement, a certain pattern of behavior that reflects the established rules of human relations and coexistence.
Moral norms are mandatory and determine the behavior of people in certain typical situations that are repeated (sometimes over thousands of years). We use them easily, without thinking, and only when the moral norm is violated do we pay attention.
Moral duty is the transformation of external cultural norms into the personal task of each person.
Question 2. What behavior causes moral approval and moral condemnation? Is man capable of creating himself?
Moral approval evokes the behavior of kind, generous, merciful, honest and noble people. Moral condemnation is caused by the behavior of vile, deceitful, cruel people.
Question 3. What does freedom of choice mean?
Freedom of choice is the free right of the owner to use available resources and money at his own discretion; the free right of workers to choose the place and type of work they wish; the free right of consumers to spend their income on their own needs.
Question 3. What is freedom of choice expressed in?
From the point of view of science, freedom is the independence of the individual, expressed in his ability and ability to make his own choices and act in accordance with his interests and goals. In the history of philosophical thought, freedom is traditionally viewed in relation to necessity.
Question 4. What is moral choice?
Moral choice is a spiritual and practical situation of personal self-determination in relation to principles, decisions and actions.
The choice of action or, more precisely, the moral choice is when a person not only internally chooses his moral (good or evil) attitude, but also acts in accordance with his choice. We can say this: a moral choice is a choice of one’s attitude (good or evil) towards other people.
Question 5. How are freedom and responsibility interconnected?
Freedom is the right to choose, limited by responsibility.
Freedom and responsibility must be inextricably linked. For example, a family means freedom to marry and considerable responsibility. Or, for example, a contract. We conclude it without coercion from anyone, but we are responsible for its implementation.
Question 6. What does it mean to be a responsible person?
To be a responsible person means to correctly understand your own and other people’s problems and difficulties, try to foresee the results of your actions and be able to answer for them. Eat different types responsibility, but the most important thing is moral responsibility, responsibility to one’s own conscience.
Question 7. What is the danger of irresponsible behavior?
First of all, the level of danger depends on a person’s position in society; if it is not high, then irresponsible words or actions can cause trouble only for himself and his loved ones, perhaps for friends (who after this will no longer be such).
An irresponsible person is irresponsible to everything, including his own destiny. Hence laziness, reluctance to work, hope for “maybe” and, as a result, no achievements in life. Well, other people suffer, of course. An irresponsible person can greatly set up and let another down.
Question 8. What can guarantee the fulfillment of moral standards?
Knowledge of moral standards does not guarantee that a person will certainly comply with them. Obviously, there are no legislative, social or other guarantees of morality. There is only one guarantee - it is in each individual person, in his ability to act morally.
Question 9. Why is it easier to seem than to be? Why is it better to be than to appear?
Do you really want to be something in this world or just seem to be? The latter is easier. It is easier, for example, to appear honest than to be honest. But by choosing this path, you risk falling into the position of Nero. The only difference is that people hid their dissatisfaction with him, because they were afraid of the emperor’s revenge, but they will express their dissatisfaction with you openly, in specific actions and hostility. In addition, and this is the most important thing: for a normal person it is simply humiliating to only appear to be what he really is not. After all, the essence of morality is not so much in the attitude of others towards you, but in high demands on yourself. A moral person will not allow himself to commit a crime or some kind of falsehood or hypocrisy, even if no one will know about it. The judgment of his own conscience is always higher for him than the human judgment of those around him.
The attitude of others towards us, therefore, depends entirely on our actions, and the better we understand this, the easier it will be for us to avoid irreparable mistakes.
The process of moral improvement is endless and depends entirely on us. It is determined by the amount of good that we bring to the world. Both the good we give to people and the evil we inflict on them will return to us.
Question 10. The French writer and philosopher A. Camus argued: “Freedom is, first of all, not a privilege, but a duty.” How do you understand these words? Why duty? Explain based on the textbook text.
This statement can be viewed from different angles, but these positions most likely indicate that freedom is really not a privilege, but a duty.
The first position is that duty - in my opinion, we must do everything and must be free, treat everything as lightly as possible, and strive not to depend on anyone or anything in this life. Therefore, we must try to get out of all our problems, affairs and other things that aggravate and constrain us, preventing us from doing what we want. After all, freedom is, first of all, independence from everything.
The second position is that there is complete freedom. We do not belong to anything, we do not depend on anything - We can create anything.
Question 11. Moral choice, as you understand, is a difficult and responsible matter. And there is no escape from it. All our lives we are in the position of a fairy-tale hero - we constantly have to choose our path, options for actions, actions. But there are situations when a person refuses to choose, withdraws himself - let others decide.
Assess the situation of avoiding choice, its consequences, and the moral side. And in general, is there any reason for conversation in this case: after all, the person refused the action, so what to evaluate? What's the moral here? Explain.
By postponing the moment of making a decision, a person is under the illusion that he has all conceivable possibilities at his disposal at the same time, and the reluctance to part with apparent omnipotence ultimately leads to a complete lack of choice.
Meanwhile, any situation of choice has its own history of development, and only for some time it may be indifferent to the situation as a whole which option will be chosen - then the period of equality of opportunity passes and the next point is the point of choice, which cannot be missed, in which the opportunity still presents itself take the plunge. “The more time is lost, the more difficult the choice becomes, since the soul becomes more and more close to one of the parts of the dilemma and it becomes more and more difficult for it to renounce this latter, and yet this is necessary if the choice is to have even the slightest marginally decisive." If you don't take advantage of this moment, the situation will not return to initial stage equality of opportunity - it will develop further and will choose, as they say, life itself for a person. In this case, he no longer simply does not have the entire fan of possibilities, as in the beginning - he does not even have the only one that could have become an expression of his essence if he had not missed the moment.
Question 12. “Morality begins where conversations end” (A. Schweitzer). Explain how you understand this statement.
In my opinion, what was meant here is that morality does not exist in words (we can all be wonderful in words), but has its origins within the person himself, these are his personal deep rules.
Question 13. The word “careerism” is given a negative connotation. Can the pursuit of a career be combined with morality? Yes or no? Give reasons.
Careerism is the pursuit of official promotion, success in professional activities in order to achieve personal and family well-being.
The word “careerism” cannot definitely be given a negative connotation, since a person’s desire to succeed at work shows perseverance and the ability to work in a team. But there are also cases when, in order to get a high place on career ladder They use deception, envy, and denunciation, and unfortunately these are the majority of cases, so the word careerism is given a negative connotation.
Question 14. Reveal the meaning of the words of the French philosopher J.-P. Sartre: “Even if I choose nothing, I still choose.”
Any choice is bad because when you choose one, you give up everything else. “If I choose nothing” from the possibilities offered to me, “I still choose” something else, thereby making it clear that what was proposed does not suit me at all and I would choose something else if it were among those offered to me.
Social Studies Test
On topic: “Morality and humanism”
Option 1
1. Who doesn't control our moral choices?
a) public opinion,
b) state laws,
c) conscience
d) the opinion of others.
2. Which of the listed principles characterize morality?
a) Philosophers believe that it can be good and evil.
b) A person’s concern not only for himself, but also for other people.
3. What is the highest moral value?
a) love for neighbor, person,
b) philosophical laws,
c) religious commandments,
d) knowledge accumulated by humanity.
4. Morality regulates the activities of people through:
1. Various organizations.
2. Regulatory documents and officials.
5. What approach to the origin of morality does not exist?
a) Naturalistic
b) Theological
c) Sociological
d) Cultural
6. The coordination function of morality is...
7. What role does morality play in modern society?
a) Forms moral character the whole society
b) Forms the moral character of the individual
c) Shapes human behavior in society
d) Forms correct ideas about values
8. Write what unites moral norms and rights.
Social Studies Test
On topic: “Morality and humanism”
Option 2
1. What is the moral ideal of humanity?
1. “Love your neighbor as yourself.”
2. Eternal questions of humanity.
a) 1 is correct, b) 2 is correct, c) 1 and 2 are correct, d) there is no correct answer.
2. To fulfill a moral duty, a person needs:
1. Act consciously, voluntarily.
2. Have the courage to overcome yourself.
a) 1 is correct, b) 2 is correct, c) 1 and 2 are correct, d) there is no correct answer.
3. Which of the following characterizes the role of morality in our society?
1. Helps us evaluate the surrounding reality and ourselves.
2. Influences us through public opinion and through the influence of conscience.
a) 1 is correct, b) 2 is correct, c) 1 and 2 are correct, d) there is no correct answer.
4. Morality is
a) one of the forms of social consciousness, social institution, which performs the function of regulating people’s behavior in all areas public life
b) a set of spiritual rules governing relations between a person and society as a whole.
5. Which element of the moral structure does not exist?
a) The principle of morality
b) Commandments
c) Moral values
d) Moral views
6. The regulatory function of morality is...
a) ensures the unity and consistency of interactions between people in the most different situations
b) regulates the behavior of people in society
c) regulates human behavior in all spheres of public life
d) regulates human behavior in the spiritual life of society
7. Humanity is...
A)implements altruistic and moral behavior in the fight against one’s own and others’ egoism
b)a system of moral and social attitudes that presupposes the need to show sympathy for people, provide assistance, and not cause suffering
c) a set of life rules of behavior that implement altruism and suppress egoism
d) moral qualities of a person
8. Write what differences there are between moral norms and rights (3 examples).
Cancer
