Christianity– one of the three world religions along with Islam and Buddhism. Its basis is faith in Jesus Christ 16 - the God-man who came into the world with the goal of atonement for human sins by death on the cross. Having risen on the third day and ascended on the fortieth, he showed the possibility of resurrection and eternal life for every person who believes in him. The life and deeds of Jesus Christ are set out in the four canonical Gospels included in the biblical book of the New Testament.
The formation of a spiritual space based on the Christian faith and the establishment of religious ritual necessitated the need for religious buildings. In architecture, two types of churches (houses of God) have been established, dating back to the buildings of Ancient Rome - the rotunda and the basilica.
In the form of a rotunda with a clearly defined central axis, baptisteries for baptism or mausoleums for the burial of saints were built. The oldest are the Mausoleum of Constantius in Rome and the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna. The round shape of the Copstaptia mausoleum in Rome (IV century) recalls the eternity of the Church of Christ. Its internal space is divided by columns into a bypass zone and a central one, topped with a dome. The mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna (5th century) has a special shape of a cross, symbolizing Jesus Christ. At the intersection of the arms of the cross, it is crowned by a square tower, hiding a domed completion inside (see color incl., Fig. 21). It was in the mausoleum of Galla Placidia that the transition from a round dome to rectangular walls was first made using four spherical triangles - sails.
A Christian basilica, for example Sapta Maria Maggiore in Rome (IV century), is likened to a ship that delivers Christian to the Kingdom of Heaven, and is intended for church worship and storage of relics. Santa Maria Maggiore, like any basilica, is an elongated rectangular building, divided from the inside by a colonnade into three parts. Thanks to the vaults - flat wooden floors with rafters resembling the keel of a ship, the passage began to be called a nave (Latin navis - ship), and the middle nave is always higher and wider than the side ones.
The basilica is illuminated through windows cut into the upper part of the walls above the colonnade of the central nave and on the side walls. The entrance is located on one of the short sides. It leads to the narthex, a room intended for people preparing for baptism. The opposite short wall ends with an apse - a semicircular projection with large windows. Its internal space, covered with a semi-dome and raised above the general floor level, is called the altar. The boundary between the central nave and the altar, where parishioners are not allowed, resembles the outline of a triumphal arch. In front of the façade there is a tower and a vast open courtyard surrounded by a colonnade reminiscent of a Roman atrium.
Extremely simple in form, devoid of any decoration on the outside, early Christian churches were richly decorated with mosaics inside. Moreover, the mosaic does not just cover the walls, but, as it were, replaces them. Since it consists of small pieces of smalt of different sizes, varying degrees of transparency and is laid out at different angles, the light is not reflected from the rough surface, but seems to be scattered, softening the edges and dissolving the planes in its transparent flow. The interior is perceived as a transformed world, as a symbol of the soul, which shines the more, the more inconspicuous its bodily shell is.
Early Christian art Epigraph: We need the past in order to understand the eternal. Luchino Visconti Christian churches Museums of the world (1,2) I. V. Tsvetaev, 1903 This wonderful building and future artistic institution is capable of mastering all the powers of the soul, constituting for its creator both joy and pride, and an object of the purest and strongest love. Museums of the world (3,4) Paris. NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the largest art collection in the United States and one of the largest in the world. Prado, National Museum of Painting and Sculpture Prado in Madrid, one of the largest art museums in the world. Museums of the world (5) Museums of the world Museum of Fine Arts named after A.S. Pushkin in Moscow, the second most important collection of foreign fine art in Russia (after the Hermitage in St. Petersburg). Museums of the World (6,7) London, Madrid National Gallery in London, one of the best collections of Western European painting in the world. Prado, National Museum of Painting and Sculpture Prado, in Madrid, one of the largest art museums in the world. Founded in 1819 on the basis of royal collections. Museums of the World (8,9) Museums of the World Uffizi in Florence, an art gallery, one of the largest in Italy. In Zamoskvorechye, in a quiet Lavrushinsky lane, there is a building that is well known to both Muscovites and guests of the capital. This is the Tretyakov Gallery Let's repeat! The temple in honor of the god Saturn was erected around 489 BC. e. shortly after the victory over the Etruscan kings from the Tarquin family. Name a building in Rome... Name the building... Where is it located... Find out the hero: Faithful, thoughtful features... She is an artist's creation... The Queen of eternal beauty... And her eyes are in gentle anticipation... She is beautiful without embellishment... She is a flower of love, desire... Don't hundreds of pompous phrases... And the eyes are in tender anticipation... Recognize the hero I see three thousand children, In poems, plays, movies. He didn’t come up with the Epic. But only the Iliad is revered as the Ideal of lines of praise that call Heroes to battle. The ideal of female beauty Artist - marine painter... Artist - "disaster paintings" 1001 wonders of the world France Island... Luxurious..., surrounded by a beautiful park 1001 wonders of the world In 1889, a world exhibition was held... Many faces... Christianity is one of the three world religions along with Islam and Buddhism. Its basis is faith in Jesus Christ - the God-man who came into the world to atone for human sins by death on the cross. – Rotunda Dome of Villa La Rotonda. A rotunda (Italian rotunda, from Latin rotundus - round) is a building with a round plan, usually topped with a dome. Columns are often located along the perimeter of the rotunda. The shape of the rotunda is found in ancient Greek tholos, some ancient Roman temples (for example, the Pantheon) and mausoleums, baptisteries, individual Christian churches (mainly Romanesque, Renaissance and classical style), halls, from the 18th century. - park pavilions and gazebos. Temple architecture TypesCross-domed temple Tent temples Basilica Rotunda Plan and premises Narthex Naos Nave Apse Quadruple Chapel Chapel Crypt Basement Choirs Gallery Load-bearing structures Pillar Column Arcade, Vaults and ceilings Arch Vault Conch Sail Trompus Drum Head Dome Tent Additional structures Belfry Bell tower Chapel Chapel Baptistery Cross- domed temple Tent temples Basilica. Rotunda Basilica Scheme of the temple Cross-domed church Cross-domed church (in the literature there is also a variant of the spelling “cross-domed”) - an architectural type of Christian church that was formed in Byzantium and in the countries of the Christian East in the V-VIII centuries. It became dominant in the architecture of Byzantium from the 9th century and was adopted by Christian countries of the Orthodox confession as the main form of the temple. Basilica. St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Basilica (basilica) (Greek βασιλική - royal house) is a type of rectangular building that consists of an odd number (3 or 5) of naves of different heights. The naves are divided by longitudinal rows of columns or pillars, with independent coverings. The central nave is wider and higher in height, illuminated by windows of the second tier and ends with an apse (Latin absida, Greek hapsidos - vault, arch), topped with a semi-dome. The entrance to the basilica is a transverse volume - narthex - narthex, entrance room, which usually adjacent to the west side of Christian churches. In churches of the early Christian and medieval periods, the narthex was intended for parishioners who did not have permission to enter the main room, the so-called. catechumens, ready to accept Christianity. The Mausoleum of Constantius is a round mausoleum with a diameter of 29 meters, built by Constantine the Great at the beginning of the 4th century. on the eastern outskirts of Rome as the resting place of his daughters Helena and Constantina. The latter was subsequently canonized, and the mausoleum in 1254 was converted into a church dedicated to her name (Italian: Santa Costanza). Mausoleum of Constantia During the restoration of the temple in 1620, the massive porphyry sarcophagus of Constantina was moved to the papal collection of antiquities in the Pius Clement Museum, in the Vatican. The main treasure of the mausoleum today are the mosaics of the 4th century. , presenting a picture of the adaptation of pagan aesthetics to Christian objectives. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia (Italian: Mausoleo di Galla Placidia) is a cross-domed building located next to the basilica. The mausoleum dates back to approximately the second quarter of the 5th century and is decorated with the earliest surviving Ravenna mosaics. Although the construction is attributed to Galla Placidia, daughter of Emperor Theodosius the Great, the mausoleum did not become her burial place. In 1996, the mausoleum, among other early Christian monuments of Ravenna, was included in the list of World Heritage Sites under number 788. [The mausoleum for a long time served as an oratory at the unpreserved palace basilica of Santa Croce. It was probably a chapel-chapel dedicated to the Great Martyr Lawrence, especially revered in the family of Galla Placidia, whose image is placed in the most prominent place - in the lunette opposite the entrance of the Byzantine queen's morning exit to the tombs of her ancestors. The action takes place in the mausoleum of Galla Placidia. Internal view of the mausoleum The branches of the “cross” (perceived inside as equal-ended) are covered with cylindrical vaults, and the central space is crowned with a heavy dome on “sails” without a drum. All surfaces of the dome, arches and lunettes are covered with mosaics. Cross and starry sky "Garden of Eden" on the dome. “Apostles” In the upper lunettes on the sides of the windows there are paired images of eight of the twelve apostles. Since there is a window in the middle of each of the four lunettes, the mosaic artist was faced with a choice: to depict all 12 apostles and break the symmetry. The disciples of Christ are depicted in full growth with their hands raised to the cross depicted on the ceiling, expressing the gospel call of Jesus: “take up your cross, and follow Me” (Matthew 16:24). The apostles are depicted in senatorial togas, their hand raised upward in the traditional senatorial gesture of greeting. All the apostles are endowed with specific portrait features, although due to the fact that the iconographic canon had not yet been formed in the 5th century, it is impossible to identify the characters depicted. The exceptions are the apostles Peter (depicted with keys) and Paul (high forehead, typical Jewish features). Under the window in each lunette, that is, between the figures of the apostles, there are mosaic images of bowls or fountains from which a pair of doves is drinking (or sitting next to them). This is an early Christian (often found in the catacombs) symbolic image of souls drinking from the source of living water in paradise. Jesus is depicted as a young beardless young shepherd, around whom sheep walk on the green grass, and the Messiah affectionately touches one of them. Unlike the catacomb painting, where the Shepherd was an ordinary village shepherd, here Jesus is dressed in a golden tunic, and a purple cloak lies on his knees. He sits on a hillock (the image of a throne), holding a cross in his hand, acting as an imperial staff. Academician V.N. Lazarev notes the majestic pose of Christ: his legs are crossed, his right hand touches the head of the sheep, but his gaze is turned in the other direction. Thanks to this pose, the Shepherd becomes the semantic center of the mosaic: he sees all his sheep, and all the sheep look at him. “Christ the Good Shepherd” “St. Lawrence going to the stake” Since the main character of the mosaic is not signed, several versions are expressed to explain the meaning of the mosaic. The man in white robes is Christ at His second coming. In this case, the book that He holds in His hands is interpreted as one of the books according to which the living and the dead will be judged (Rev. 20:12). The fire in the center in this case becomes a sign of fiery Gehenna. An Angel is depicted in white robes with an “open book” (Rev. 10:1), announcing the day of the Last Judgment. The man in white robes is one of the Church Fathers, ready to throw heretical writings into the fire. The most common version is that the mosaic depicts St. Lawrence going to die on a bonfire burning in the center of the composition. His flowing robes demonstrate the martyr's desire to die for Christ, and the bars in this case can easily be interpreted as the instrument of his execution. The cross in the hands of the martyr is explained as a processional cross, and the book is the Psalter, both objects indicating the deaconship of Lawrence. In combination with the Gospels lying in the closet, the cross and book in the hands of Lawrence symbolize that he accepted martyrdom in imitation of Christ and having assimilated His teaching. In the western and eastern “branches” In the western and eastern “branches” of the mausoleum, behind the sarcophagi, you can see two more symbolic early Christian mosaics. There's a pair of them. The deer drink greedily from the spring. The plot of the mosaic is inspired by the verses of Psalm 41: “As a deer longs for streams of water, so does my soul long for You, O God!” (Ps. 41:2). Traditionally, a pair of deer is interpreted as a symbolic representation of Christians converted from Jews and pagans. This plot is found in the catacombs and was actively used subsequently (for example, in the altar mosaic in the Roman Basilica of San Clemente, the Sarcophagus of Galla Placidia - occupies a central place, is devoid of any decoration and is probably unfinished. Taking into account the unusually large size of the sarcophagus and the absence of any -or Christian symbolism, the monument is attributed to a rich and noble pagan. The possibility of the burial of Galla Placidia there is rejected by modern historians. However, sources from the 14th-16th centuries (including the Archbishop of Ravenna Rinaldo da Concoreggio) claim that through big window in the back of the sarcophagus (now walled up) one could see the body buried there, seated on a cypress throne. Presumably, we are talking about a body buried in such an unusual way no earlier than the 13th-14th century, with the possible intention of imitating the remains of Augusta. Sarcophagus of Constance The sarcophagus of Constance, a creation dating back to the 5th century, is installed in the left branch of the “cross”. On its front wall is depicted Christ in the form of a lamb, his head surrounded by a halo containing the monogram of Christ - the intertwined Greek letters Χ and Ρ. The Lamb stands on a rock from which four streams flow, representing the four rivers of Eden. To the right and left of the rock there are two lambs without halos, symbolizing the apostles. These images are framed by two palm trees, symbolizing the life of the righteous. In 1738, the sarcophagus was opened, and researchers discovered two well-preserved skulls with teeth in it. The Valentinian Sarcophagus - dates back to the 6th century, installed in the right branch of the “cross”. It has a semi-cylindrical lid with a scaly ornament. On the front wall there is a depiction of the lamb-Christ standing at the foot of a hill from which four heavenly rivers flow; the hill is crowned with a cross, on the crossbar of which two doves sit. On both side walls there is a cross with a shell (often used in catacomb painting as a symbol of death, from which life is reborn). In 1738, this sarcophagus was also opened, and the skeletal remains of a man and a woman were discovered in it. Christian Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome Nave, apse mosaic, ceiling, canopy nave Cinquain Christianity is one of the three world religions. Beautiful, inspiring, brightened. Educates, humbles, alarms, calms - Christianity - thanksgiving. Test Smile and work. We wish you success. Music of the soul
A temple (house) is a building that has a religious purpose; services to God are performed in it, as well as religious ceremonies. In addition to the main religious functions, the temple carries a certain idea of people about the universe. Temples also had another purpose (before Christianity), they served as a refuge, or a place for resolving important issues and trade.
A Christian church is considered only a building that has an altar in which the Eucharist (thanksgiving) is celebrated - a great sacrament.
Christian churches have a long history. Since the time when Christianity was not one of the main religions, and was subject to persecution by the authorities and other religions. Christians gathered for service only in the catacombs (dungeons where burials were held), where, according to the laws of that time, gatherings of people who professed their religion were not prohibited.
Thus, underground churches, they are called “crypts,” already had an altar (most often a tomb) on which the sacrament of the Eucharist was performed. Since those times, the tradition of placing holy relics on the altar and decorating the walls of temples with images from the holy book has remained.
Only in the 4th century did the construction of above-ground Christian churches begin, when the religion was recognized as dominant (Edict of Milan 313). This happened thanks to Emperor Constantine.
The main types of temples are the basilica and the cross-domed temple.
Basilica- a structure that has a rectangular and elongated shape, divided from the inside by several rows (from 2) of pillars or columns that create naves (an architectural space of a longitudinal shape). Often the central nave was higher than the side ones. It also had a protrusion - an apse (the protruding part where the altar is located), where the presbytery (place for the clergy) was located.
A special feature of the basilica is also that the entrance is located on the western side of the temple, and the altar is on the eastern side. This placement symbolizes the coming of Christians to God (repentance). In Christianity, the west is associated with sinfulness, and the east with divinity. Near the part where the altar is located, the temple is intersected by transverse naves, which gave it the shape of a cross.
The most common are three-nave basilicas. They are created using two internal rows of columns; in the side naves there are often choirs (an oblong-shaped room for the clergy or church choir), as well as “matroneums” (special galleries for women, because it was adopted from the Jews, the separate presence of men and women in temple).
Often, in especially large temples, in front of the main room there were open courtyards with columns placed along the entire perimeter; they are called atriums.
Great importance was given to decorating the interior of the basilica. The temple was decorated mainly from the inside. For this they used marble, beautiful wall frescoes, and mosaics that were laid out both on the walls and on the floor. But Special attention was devoted to decorating the main and sacred part of the temple - the altar. The façade of the basilica was often not decorated.
This model of the temple remained unchanged for a long time.
Starting from the 12th-13th century, other types of temples appeared - gothic cathedral. They differed from the early Christian ones in that they were covered with stone vaults.
The Gothic temple began to rise high, thanks to the fact that new technologies and architectural elements were used in construction, among them a flying buttress. The weight of the vault was transferred to the walls, this relieved the temple from the internal columns and made it possible to create large windows, which made it spacious and bright.
The altar was also separated from the main volume of the temple by a partition. The restriction on the presence of men and women together in churches has disappeared.
Now not only the internal walls of the temple were decorated, but also its façade. Thus, they tried to convey the “word of God” beyond the walls of the temple.
After the division of the United christian church, the Eastern (Orthodox) Church developed the cross-domed Byzantine type of temple.
Cross-dome
Its characteristic features are that the temple had a cruciform shape (close to a square) and a high dome that housed windows.
The naves (both longitudinal and transverse) are now of equal length, and when crossing they create a Greek (equal-ended) cross. Hence the name itself - Cross-dome. At the same time, rotundas (round temples) appeared.
Orthodox church
Starting from the 15-16th century, iconostases began to appear in Orthodox churches; they separated the altar part of the temple from its middle part. The iconostasis is a wall with rows of icons.
The narthex (a place for people who could not enter the middle of the temple) began to be called the narthex, and its outer part - the porch (a platform with a staircase for entering the temple).
In order to be able to conduct simultaneous services by several priests (according to big holidays and events), extensions to the temple were introduced.
Baptistery
A separate building, often round in shape, near the temple, it is intended for the baptismal ceremony. In its center there is a font that can fit an adult. Nowadays a baptistery is rarely built.
Architectural Types of Christian Temples Author Solodkova T.M. teacher at St. Petersburg Music College.
- Goals of work 1. Introduce the history of formation architectural styles
- Christian temple.
- 2. Show different styles of Christian churches.
- 3.Trace the logic of the development of architectural thought.
A temple is an architectural structure intended for worship and religious rites.
History of style creation
- Since Christian worship, unlike pagan rituals, took place inside the temple, Byzantine architects were faced with the task of creating a temple with a spacious room in which people could gather. big number of people. In those days, construction equipment did not have the capabilities to construct structures that would span significant spans. Therefore, when it was necessary to create extensive internal space, compromise solutions were used. In the architecture of Arab countries, the flat roof of the mosque hall rested on a forest of internal columns. The builders of Christian churches acted differently. They used the combination of several smaller spaces for this purpose.
- These were three-nave basilicas with wooden ceilings resting on two rows of marble columns with Corinthian type capitals separating the naves from each other; They entered the temple through the atrium and narthex. Unlike Roman-type basilicas, here the side naves had a second tier (a gallery for women, or ginaikonit), and the apse became emphatically polygonal on the outside. In Greece, the basilica type was used for a long time - in a simplified and in a more developed form, with the use of cylindrical vaults in the main and side naves and with small service premises (sacristy and deaconry) on the sides of the apse. Examples: Church of St. Philip in Athens (only the foundation has survived) and the church in Kalambaka (both 6th century, with wooden rafters as ceilings), St. Anargyra and St. Stephen in Kastoria (both 11th century, with barrel vaults) and the Cathedral of St. Sofia in Ohrid, Macedonia (founded in the 9th century, rebuilt c. 1037-1050) with barrel vaults and three apses on the east side.
The interior composition organically includes a strictly developed, canonical system of paintings and mosaics, subordinate to the structure of the building and the symbolism of its parts. The type of cross-domed church in its various variants has also become widespread in church architecture in Russia, the Balkans, the Caucasus, etc.
Cross-domed church. Incision
Church of St. Irene in Constantinople. 532, rebuilding after 740. Interior of the Temple of Sophia in Thessaloniki. Beginning of the 8th century. An example of the transformation of a basilica into a cross-domed structure is the cathedral, built between 690 and 730. Its interior also consists of a domed cross and walkways with choirs separated by arcades. There are unusually constructed massive pillars on which the dome and the adjacent arches of the arms of the cross are supported. They are cut through by passages, visually dividing them into narrower supports. The appearance of these passages indicates the gradual transformation of the under-dome space into a three-nave space. The side naves, separated by arcades, remain separate from the central cruciform interior and serve as a walk around it- An example of the transformation of a basilica into a cross-domed structure is the cathedral An example of the transformation of a basilica into a cross-domed structure is the cathedral, built between 690 and 730. Its interior also consists of a domed cross and walkways with choirs separated by arcades. There are unusually constructed massive pillars on which the dome and the adjacent arches of the arms of the cross are supported. They are cut through by passages, visually dividing them into narrower supports. The appearance of these passages indicates the gradual transformation of the under-dome space into a three-nave space. The side naves, separated by arcades, remain separate from the central cruciform interior and serve as a walk around it
Plan of the Zvartnots Temple in Armenia. 643-652 A unique example of a cross inscribed in a rotunda. Church of St. Hripsime in Etchmiadzin. 618 On the side façade, the apse protruding between two niches is clearly visible. Temple of Saint Gayane in Etchmiadzin. 630 Armenia Georgia. The Georgian monastery of Jvari in Mtskheta is famous for its magnificent cathedral, built in 590-604. Jvari belongs to the tetraconch type. In temples of this type, tromps, rather than sails, were used to move to the dome drum. Jvari. Georgia. 590-604 Svetitskhoveli Cathedral. Drawing. Cross section of the building.
The main cathedral of Georgia - Svetitskhoveli - was built in 1010-1029. It is designed in the form of a three-nave temple with rows of pillars in the interior, but unlike the Etchmiadzin Cathedral, it has very elongated proportions from west to east. There is no allusion to tetracons. There is more similarity here with the Cathedral of Ani, which has the same elongated basilica plan.
Interesting feature
have pillars supporting the dome. On the inside they have larger number. Column capital and side vaults of the church.
Monastery of Pantocrator in Constantinople. XII century.
From the history of architectural thought
Nomendantskaya road. Mausoleum of Constantia Composition of a centric building by Leonardo da Vinci “Temple in the City” from Averlino’s treatise Mediolan (Milan). Church
San Lorenzo
- , 70s IV.
- Church of the Trinity Grinevo Centrality is absorbed here by basilicas Check yourself
- 1. What architectural structures are called temples?
- 2.Name the main types of Christian churches, give a brief description.
- 4. give examples of cross-domed churches
- answers
- 1. Temple - an architectural structure intended for worship and religious rituals.
- 2. Basilica (These were three-nave basilicas with wooden ceilings. The basilica was a rectangular elongated building with a flat ceiling and a gable roof.), Centric (These were centric churches topped with a dome. Previously, centric buildings of various shapes were erected as baptismal and martyriums - buildings that marked the places of the most important evangelical events), cross-domed types (A square building in plan, inside which two intersecting arms, covered with vaults, form a cross.)
- 4. Church of St. Irene in Constantinople. Temple of Sophia in Thessaloniki. Church in the palace of Emperor Roman Lecapinus in Constantinople.
- Literature
- : "Art. A modern illustrated encyclopedia." Ed. prof. Gorkina A.P.; M.: Rosman; 2007) :
- "Popular art encyclopedia." Ed. Polevoy V.M.; M.: Publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1986.
- Galina Kolpakova. Art of Byzantium. Early and middle periods. SPb.,"AZBUKA-CLASSICS", 2004.
- A. I. Komech ANCIENT RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE END OF THE 10TH - BEGINNING OF THE 12TH CENTURIES. THE BYZANTINE HERITAGE AND THE FORMATION OF AN INDEPENDENT TRADITION.
History of Russian art. Volume 1. M., “Northern Pilgrim”, 2007
A.Yu. Kazaryan. Reconstruction of the Etchmiadzin Cathedral of 620
Slide 2
On the 40th day after his birth, the Infant of God was brought to the Jerusalem Temple for dedication to God. The Virgin Mary and Joseph were poor, so they brought two doves as the required sacrifice. Elder Simeon, who was predicted that he would not die until he saw Christ the Savior, met the Virgin Mary and the Child in the temple and, taking Him in his arms, said: “Now I can die calmly, because my eyes have seen the Savior of the world.” In the temple there was the widow Anna the prophetess, 84 years old, who told those present that this Child is the Savior of the world.
“The Presentation of the Lord” (modern Russian icon)
Slide 4
Every year on Passover, Jesus' parents visit Jerusalem to participate in temple services. On one of these visits, the twelve-year-old boy Jesus remains in the temple, his parents look for him and then find him sitting among the teachers and asking them. To the Mother’s reproach, Jesus replies: Why did you seek Me? or did you not know that I must be concerned with the things that belong to My Father? “But they did not understand the words He spoke. And He went with them and came to Nazareth; and was in obedience to them. And His Mother kept all these words in Her heart.” (Gospel of Luke, chapter 2)
“Twelve-year-old boy Jesus in the temple” (Modern Coptic icon) “Pubescence” (Modern Greek icon)
Slide 5
During his earthly life, Jesus Christ visited the Jerusalem Temple and took care of the order in it and its splendor. “The Passover of the Jews was approaching, and Jesus came to Jerusalem and found that oxen, sheep and doves were being sold in the temple, and money changers were sitting. And, making a scourge of ropes, he drove everyone out of the temple, including the sheep and oxen; and he scattered the money from the money changers and overturned their tables. And he said to those who sold doves, “Take this from here, and do not make My Father’s house a house of trade.” “And he said unto them, It is written, My house shall be called a house of prayer; and you made it a den of robbers.”
By his example, Jesus Christ sanctified the custom of performing divine services in the temple, sanctifying the very idea of the temple and the need for it. “The expulsion of traders from the Temple” (Modern Russian icon) “The expulsion of traders from the temple” (Manuel Panselin. XIII century. Fresco of the Cathedral of Protata in Kareia, Athos)
Slide 6
In a conversation with a Samaritan woman, Jesus Christ said that the time would come when God would be worshiped not only in the Jerusalem Temple, but also in other places.
"Christ and the Samaritan Woman" Modern Coptic icon
Slide 7
Jesus Christ prayed not only in the temple. He celebrated the Last Supper with his disciples in a private house—the Upper Room of Zion. Tradition says that in it the Holy Spirit visibly descended on the disciples gathered together on the day of Pentecost. It was in this house where God established church sacraments and herself New Testament Church, the apostles and their first disciples “broke bread” - performed Divine Liturgy. Therefore, the Zion Upper Room is called the mother of all Christian churches.
Jerusalem
Slide 8
One of the rooms of the peristyle house was an oblong room, divided into three parts by rows of columns and was the main room in the guest part of the house - called “ikos” or “ekus”. The “Upper Room of Zion” belonged to this type of room in the peristyle house.
Jerusalem, “Zion Upper Room” The most common type of rich residential building of the early 1st century. AD was a peristyle type.
Slide 9
Peristyle type of residential building The planning system of a peristyle house included two parts: residential and guest. The guest (front) part of the house had an isolated entrance from the street. The center of the composition of the guest (front) part was an open courtyard - peristyle - surrounded by columns along the perimeter. All the rooms surrounding the courtyard had access to it and were illuminated through it. The ecus was one of the rooms in the guest part of the house and its space was divided into 3 parts by columns. The middle space of the ecus was sometimes higher and wider than the side ones.
1 – Atrium (inner courtyard of the residential part of the house); 2 – Taberna (trading shop or workshop); 3 – Wings of the atrium; 4 – Passage (separate entrance to the guest part of the house; 5 – Peristyle (courtyard of the guest part); 6 – Exedra (room or dining room, which served as a place of rest, meetings, conversations) 7 – Tablinum (room of the head of the family - intended for business meetings and receptions clients, as well as for storing documents (plates with records). 8 – Ekus (Ikos).
Slide 10
The persecution of Christians by the Jews and the acceptance of pagans into the Christian community (without circumcision) interrupted the connection of the apostles and their disciples with the Jerusalem Temple.
Community Christian house in Dura - Europos, Syria. 231 During the period of persecution, the first buildings appeared, built specifically for Christian worship, but outwardly no different from residential buildings. A – Entrance; B – Courtyard – atrium; C – Entrance to the baptistery level; D – Baptistery; E – Font; F – Premises for the catechumens (narthex); G – “Church”. Only after entering inside, it was possible - thanks to wall images and church items - to understand that a person was in a temple building. G F B D A
Slide 11
Persecution of Christians forced them to look for other places for meetings and worship. Catacombs became such places - vast dungeons in ancient Rome and in other cities of the Roman Empire, which served Christians as a refuge from persecution, a place of worship and burial.
Niches – locules; Cubes; Crypt; Chapel. 3 1 2 4 2 B C D D A A. Altar; B. Ambon; V. Solea; G. Apse; D. Throne; E. Narthex Catacomb churches (II - early IV centuries) E 1 1 1
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Roman catacombs (II - early IV centuries)
Catacombs of Priscilla in Rome
Slide 13
In terms of their structure, the catacombs are a network of intertwining corridors or galleries, along which there are more or less extensive rooms: small, medium and large.
Niches - locules Cubicles
Slide 14
According to the description of the crypts and chapels, both had a quadrangular plan with columns to support the ceiling. In relation to the needs of Christian worship, the front part of the crypts and chapels was intended for the clergy, and the rest for the laity. In the walls of crypts and chapels, special recesses could be made for burying the dead, and the walls themselves were decorated with sacred images. To cover crypts and chapels, both flat and vaulted and arched structures were used
A place for the clergy A place for believers The Crypt Scheme of a fundamental solution The Catacombs of St. Sebastian in Rome Crypt
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RomeCatacombs of St. Sebastian Crypt(Reconstruction)
Slide 16
Chapels differed from crypts not only in their larger size, but also in their internal design. In the depths of the chapel there was a semicircular exedra (apse). In the center of this semicircle, the tomb of the martyr was usually placed, which served as a throne for the preparation of the Sacrament of the Eucharist. On the sides of the throne there were seats for the clergy. The slate part of the crypts and chapels is, as a rule, raised above their middle part. If a crypt or chapel was built close to the surface of the earth, then a luminaria was cut out in the middle part of the temple - a well that went to the surface, from where daylight penetrated. In front of the entrance to the chapels, small vestibules were arranged - narthexes - for the presence of catechumens (preparing to be baptized) and penitents.
Chapel Scheme of the fundamental solution A B C 1 2 3 4 5 A – Altar; B – Church (place for worshipers); B – Narthex (place for catechumens and penitents); 1 – Apse; 2 – Throne; 3 – Pulpit; 4 – Solea; 5 – Luminary; 6 – Altar barrier. 6 Rome, Catacombs of Domitilla
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Rome, Catacombs of Domitilla
Slide 18
The layout of the catacomb churches is traditionally associated with the layout of the “Upper Room of Zion”: their internal space is divided by rows of columns into parts - naves.
Peristyle House (“Zion’s Upper Room”) Catacomb churches (crypts, chapels) Crypt Chapel
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The architecture of the oldest catacomb Christian churches shows a complete type of church, divided into three parts, with an altar separated by a barrier from the rest of the temple. But while the volumetric-spatial solution of the catacomb temple has been formed, its external appearance has not been decided. Jerusalem Temple I II III I II III The division of the internal space of the catacomb temple into three parts is similar to the division of the Jerusalem Temple
Slide 20
Since the adoption of Christianity by Rome state religion(391), the question arose about the creation of a Christian temple, personifying in its image the idea of Christianity. At the same time, the volumetric and spatial design of the temple should preserve the traditions already formed in the catacomb churches and accommodate a large number of worshipers. In the 3rd - 4th centuries in the Roman Empire, the most Basilicas were beautiful and spacious buildings. The word “basilica” comes from “basileus” - “King and Judge”. IN ancient Rome basilicas had no religious function and served as a judicial-administrative institution. The basilica buildings were built according to the plan of an oblong quadrangle, the internal space of which was divided by rows of columns into three parts (naves), and had exedra and porticoes.
Basilica of Maxentius - Constantine (308 - 312)
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After Rome adopted Christianity, the basilica buildings, after certain changes, were given over to the first Christian churches.
1 2 1 2 Roman basilica - judicial - administrative building Roman Christian temple - basilica
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Early Christian churches - basilicasThe architectural tradition that was formed in the catacomb churches and the Upper Room of Zion (the quadrangular shape of the plan, dividing the space into parts by columns, the presence of an exedra - apse) was the reason that Christians could fearlessly, without fear of discord with church antiquity and the spirit of the Christian faith, build their temples of the basil type.
1 2 3 1 – Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterno in Rome (~313 ~318); 2 – Basilica of the Nativity in Bethlehem, built, according to legend, over the birthplace of Jesus Christ (~333); 3 – basilica of the Kursi monastery (Palestine). Con. V century C B
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Basilica of the Nativity in Bethlehem (~ 333)
Slide 24
Christian churches III – IV centuries. had a certain external and internal shape and appearance, namely: the shape of an oblong quadrangle with a small protrusion at the entrance and a rounding on the side opposite the entrance. The interior space of this quadrangle is divided by rows of columns into three and sometimes five parts, called “naves” or “ships”. The central nave, and sometimes the side naves, ended in a semicircular projection (apse). The middle nave was larger and higher than the side ones; in the uppermost, protruding part of the middle nave, windows were installed, which were sometimes located on the outer walls of the side naves. On the exit side there was a vestibule called the “narthex” (or narthex) and the “portico” (porch).
B C The distinctive features of the planning solution and architecture of such a Christian church, starting from the 4th century, are: Orientation of the altar to the east; Dividing the internal space into naves by rows of columns; Abundance of light directed from above; The presence of an open courtyard - atrium from the entrance. This type of temple is called a church basilica or longitudinal temple. Atrium - courtyard in front of a Christian church - “Garden of Eden” Roman Christian temple - basilica
Slide 25
The basilica was the only form of cult Christian building until the transfer of the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium (324). Starting from this period, and especially from the moment of the official division of the Empire into Western and Eastern (395), new types of temples were formed corresponding to different styles and volume-spatial solutions.
Roman Christian temple - basilica (longitudinal temple) Rome Basilica of St. Peter 324 (Reconstruction)
Slide 26
395 Division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern Development of the form of the Medieval basilica 3 1 – Middle Cross; 2 - Apse; 3 – Orientalizing chapels; 4 – Radial chapels; 5 - Narthex Transformation of the planning solution of the Roman Christian basilica End of IV - X centuries. Western Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire Byzantium End of 4th century. V century VI century VII century Section A - A
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988 Baptism of Rus' Adoption of Christianity from Byzantium
Having accepted Christian faith, clergy and the system of worship, Rus' borrowed from Byzantium the cross-domed system of stone temples. The cross-dome system in Rus' was seriously redesigned, and thus initially acquired significant differences in the volumetric and planning solutions of Russian churches from Byzantine ones. Church architecture begins in Rus' with the establishment of Christianity. “Baptism of Rus'” Modern icon, Russia Kievan Rus (X – XI centuries)
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Differences between Russian and Byzantine cross-domed churches
Monastery of Hosios Loukas in Phokis (End of the 10th – 1st half of the 11th century) Church of the Assumption of Our Lady (Church of the Tithes) in Kyiv 989 – 996. The first stone Christian temple of Rus'
Slide 29
Church of Panagia Gorgoepikoos in Athens (10th century) Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Daphne (first half of the 11th century) Byzantine and Russian cross-domed churches X - first. half of the 11th century Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov (~1036) Church of St. Sophia in Kyiv (1017 - 1034) Church of St. Sofia in Novgorod (1045) Church of St. Sofia in Polotsk (~ 1050) Byzantium Rus'
Slide 30
Byzantine, Russian and Western European churches of the 11th – 14th centuries. Western (Catholic) Church Division of the Christian Church into: Western (Catholic) - center in Rome and Eastern (Orthodox) - center in Constantinople I II III Byzantium Plans of Romanesque cathedrals (XI - first half of the 12th centuries..) Plan of a Gothic cathedral (Tue . half of the XII-XIV centuries) 1054 Romanesque and Gothic styles Church of the Virgin Pammakarista (Rejoicing) in Constantinople (second half of the XIII - early XIV centuries) Church of the Apostles in Thessalonica 1312-1315
Rus' 1 2 Cathedral of the Kirillov Monastery. Kyiv, (1146); Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral in Pereyaslavl Zalessky (1152 – 1157); Cathedral of the Spaso-Euphrosyne Monastery in Polotsk (mid-12th century); 4. Cathedral of Fyodor Stratelates “on the stream” in Novgorod (1360 – 1361); 5. Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (1165); 6. Cathedral of the Peryn Skete in Novgorod (XIII century); 7. Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyin Street in Novgorod (1347) Eastern (Orthodox) Church) 5 1 2 3 4 6 7
Slide 31
May 29, 1453 The capture of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, by the Ottoman Turks, which led to its final fall.
Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant “Sultan Mehmed II in the conquered Constantinople” Constantinople, renamed Istanbul, became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman Empire
Slide 32
After the death of Byzantium, Rus' became the new stronghold of Orthodoxy. "Constantinople fell because it retreated from the true Orthodox faith
. But in Russia this faith is still alive - the Faith of the Seven Councils, which Constantinople passed on to Grand Duke Vladimir. There is only one true Church on earth - the Russian Church" Philip I, Metropolitan of Moscow, 1458 1 2 Church 3 4 5 Deacon (sacristy) 6 Altar; The middle part of the temple (church); Red Gate; Narthex or refectory; Bell tower, belfry; Porch. in B Iconostasis The narthex or refectory
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