home Name:

Nikolay Pirogov Age:

71 years old Place of Birth:

Moscow A place of death:

Vinnitsa, Podolsk province Activity:

surgeon, anatomist, naturalist, teacher, professor Family status:

was married

Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich - biography

People called Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov a “wonderful doctor,” and there were legends about his skill and cases of incredible healing. For him there was no difference between rich and poor, noble and baseless. Pirogov operated on everyone who turned to him and dedicated his life to his calling.

Pirogov's childhood and youth

Efrem Mukhin, who cured Kolya’s brother from pneumonia, was his childhood idol. The boy tried to imitate Mukhin in everything: he walked with his hands behind his back, adjusted his imaginary pince-nez, and coughed meaningfully before starting a sentence. He begged his mother for a toy stethoscope and selflessly “listened” to the family, after which he wrote out prescriptions for them in childish scribbles. The parents were sure that over time the childhood hobby would pass and the son would choose a more noble profession. Healing is the lot of Germans and bastards. But life turned out in such a way that medical practice became the only possibility of survival for young man

and his impoverished family. The biography of Kolya Pirogov began on November 25, 1810 in Moscow. The boy grew up in a prosperous family, his father served as treasurer, and the house was cup full

. Children were thoroughly educated: they had the best home teachers and the opportunity to study in the most advanced boarding schools. It all ended the moment my father’s colleague ran away, stealing a large sum.

Ivan Pirogov, as treasurer, was obliged to compensate for the shortage. I had to sell most of my property, move from a big house to a small apartment, and limit myself in everything. Unable to withstand the tests, the father died.

Education

By the time he graduated from university, the future doctor Nikolai Pirogov was completely disappointed with the situation that reigned in medicine at that time. “I completed the course without having performed a single operation,” he wrote to his friend. “I was a good doctor!” In those days, this was considered normal: students studied theory, and practice began along with work, that is, they trained on patients.

A young man without means or connections, a job awaited him as a freelance doctor somewhere in the provinces. And he passionately dreamed of doing science, studying surgery and looking for ways to get rid of diseases. Chance intervened. The government decided to send the best graduates to Germany, and excellent student Nikolai Pirogov was among them.

Medicine

Finally, he could pick up a scalpel and do the real thing! Nikolai spent whole days in the laboratory, where he conducted experiments on animals. He forgot to eat, slept no more than six hours a day, and spent the entire five years wearing the same frock coat. He was not interested in the fun student life: he was looking for new ways to conduct operations.

“Vivisection - experiments on animals - that’s the only way!” - Pirogov considered. The result was a gold medal for the first treatise and defending a dissertation at age 22. But at the same time rumors began to spread about a flayer surgeon. Pirogov himself did not refute them: “I was then merciless towards suffering.”

IN Lately The young surgeon increasingly dreamed of his old nanny. “Every animal is created by God,” she said in her gentle voice. “They too must be pitied and loved.” And he woke up in a cold sweat. And the next morning I went back to the laboratory and continued to work. He justified himself: “You can’t do without sacrifices in medicine. To save people, we must first test everything on animals.”

Pirogov never hid his mistakes. “The doctor is obliged to publish failures to warn his colleagues,” the surgeon always said.

Nikolai Pirogov: Man-made miracles

A strange procession was approaching the military hospital: several soldiers were carrying the body of their comrade. The body was missing its head.

What are you doing? - a paramedic who came out of the tent shouted at the soldiers. - Do you really think that he can be cured?

They carry their heads behind us. Doctor Pirogov will sew it on somehow... He works miracles! - came the answer.

This incident is the most striking illustration of how the soldiers believed in Pirogov. And indeed, what he did seemed miraculous. Finding himself at the front during the Crimean War, the surgeon performed thousands of operations: he sewed up wounds, fused limbs, and raised those who were considered hopeless.

We had to work in monstrous conditions, in tents and huts. At that time, surgical anesthesia had just been invented, and Pirogov began to use it everywhere. It’s scary to imagine what happened before: patients during operations often died from painful shock.

At first he was very careful and tested the effect of the innovation on himself. I realized that with ether, which relaxes all reflexes, the patient’s death is one step away. And only after calculating everything down to the smallest detail, he first used anesthesia during the Caucasian War, and on a large scale during the Crimean campaign. During the defense of Sevastopol, of which he was a participant, not a single operation was performed by him without anesthesia. He even positioned the operating table so that the wounded soldiers awaiting surgery could see how their comrade felt nothing under the surgeon’s knife.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov - biography of personal life

The fiancée of the legendary doctor, Baroness Alexandra Bistrom, was not at all surprised when, on the eve of the wedding, she received a letter from her betrothed. In it, he asked to find in advance as many sick people as possible in the villages near her estate. “Work will brighten up our honeymoon,” he added. Alexandra did not expect anything else.

She knew very well who she was marrying, and was no less passionate about science than her husband. Soon after the magnificent celebration, the two of them were already performing operations together, the young wife assisting her husband.

Nikolai Ivanovich was 40 years old at that time, this was his second marriage. His first wife died from complications after childbirth, leaving him with two sons. For him, her death was a heavy blow, he blamed himself for not being able to save her.

The sons needed a mother, and Nikolai Ivanovich decided to marry a second time. He did not think about feelings: he was looking for a woman close in spirit, and spoke about it openly. He even drew up a written portrait of his ideal wife and honestly spoke about his strengths and weaknesses. “Strengthen me in my studies of science, try to instill this direction in our children,” - this is how he concluded his treatise on family life.

Most of the young ladies of marriageable age were put off by this. But Alexandra considered herself a woman of progressive views, and besides, she sincerely admired the brilliant scientist. She agreed to become his wife. Love came later. What began as a scientific experiment turned into a happy family where the couple treated each other with tenderness and care. Nikolai Ivanovich even took up something completely unusual for himself: he composed several touching poems in honor of his Sashenka.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov worked until his last breath, making a real revolution in domestic medicine. He died in the arms of his beloved wife, regretting only that he had not yet managed to do so much.

(1810-1881) - great Russian doctor and scientist, outstanding teacher and public figure; one of the founders of surgical anatomy and the anatomical and experimental direction in surgery, military field surgery, organization and tactics of medical support for troops; Corresponding member Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1847), honorary member and honorary doctor of many domestic and foreign universities and medical societies.

In 1824 (at the age of 14 years) N.I. Pirogov entered medical school. Faculty of Moscow University, where among his teachers were the anatomist X. I. Loder, clinicians M. Ya. Mudroye, E. O. Mukhin. In 1828, he graduated from the university and entered among the first “professorial students” at the Dorpat Professorial Institute, created to train professors from “natural Russians” who successfully graduated from the university and passed the entrance exams at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Initially, he intended to specialize in physiology, but due to the lack of special training in this profile, he chose surgery. In 1829 he received a gold medal from Dorpat (now Tartu) University for work performed in the surgical clinic of prof. I. F. Moyer’s competitive research on the topic: “What should be kept in mind when ligating large arteries during operations?”, in 1832 he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic: “Is ligation of the abdominal aorta for an aneurysm of the groin area easily feasible and safe intervention." In 1833-1835, completing his preparation for a professorship, N.I. Pirogov was on a business trip to Germany, improving his skills in anatomy and surgery, in particular at the clinic of B. Langenbeck. Upon returning to Russia in 1835, he worked in Dorpat in the clinic of prof. I. F. Moyer; from 1836 - extraordinary, and from 1837 ordinary professor of theoretical and practical surgery at the University of Dorpat. In 1841, N.I. Pirogov created and until 1856 headed the hospital surgical clinic of the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy; at the same time consisted of ch. doctor of the surgical department of the 2nd military land hospital, director of the technical department of the St. Petersburg instrumental plant, and since 1846 director of the Institute of Practical Anatomy created at the Medical-Surgical Academy. In 1846, N.I. Pirogov was confirmed with the rank of academician of the Medical-Surgical Academy.

In 1856, N. I. Pirogov left his service at the academy (“due to illness and home circumstances”) and accepted an offer to take the position of trustee of the Odessa educational district; from that time on, a 10-year period of his activity in the field of education began. In 1858, N.I. Pirogov was appointed trustee of the Kyiv educational district (in 1861 he resigned for health reasons). Since 1862, N.I. Pirogov has been the leader of young Russian scientists sent to Germany to prepare for teaching activities. N. I. Pirogov spent the last years of his life (since 1866) on his estate in the village of Vishnya near Vinnitsa, from where he traveled as a consultant on military medicine to the theater of military operations during the Franco-Prussian (1870-1871) and Russian-Turkish (1877 -1878) wars.

The scientific, practical and social activities of N. I. Pirogov brought him world medical fame, undeniable leadership in domestic surgery and nominated him among the largest representatives of European medicine of the mid-19th century. The scientific heritage of N. I. Pirogov relates to various fields of medicine. He made a significant contribution to each of them, which has not lost its significance to this day. Despite being more than a century old, the works of N. I. Pirogov continue to amaze the reader with their originality and depth of thought.

Classic works of N. I. Pirogov “Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia” (1837), “Complete course of applied anatomy human body, with drawings (descriptive-physiological and surgical anatomy)" (1843-1848) and "Illustrated topographic anatomy of cuts made in three directions through a frozen human body" (1852-1859); each of them was awarded the Demidov Prize of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and was the foundation of topographic anatomy and operative surgery. They outline the principles of layer-by-layer preparation in the study of anatomical areas and formations and provide original methods for preparing anatomical preparations - sawing frozen corpses (“ice anatomy”, which was started by I. V. Buyalsky in 1836), cutting out individual organs from frozen corpses (“sculptural anatomy”), which together made it possible to determine the relative position of organs and tissues with an accuracy inaccessible with previous research methods.

Studying materials large number autopsies (about 800) performed by him during the outbreak of cholera in St. Petersburg in 1848, N. I. Pirogov established that with cholera, the gastrointestinal tract is primarily affected. tract, and made a correct guess about the ways of spreading this disease, pointing out that the causative agent of the disease (in the terminology of that time, miasma) enters the body with food and drink. N. I. Pirogov presented the results of his research in the monograph “Pathological Anatomy of Asian Cholera,” published in 1849 in French. language, and in 1850 in Russian and awarded the Demidov Prize of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

N.I. Pirogov’s doctoral dissertation, devoted to the technique of ligation of the abdominal aorta and elucidation of the reactions of the vascular system and the whole body to this surgical intervention, presented the results of an experimental study of the characteristics of collateral circulation after surgery and ways to reduce surgical risk. The monograph by N. I. Pirogov “On cutting the Achilles tendon as an operative orthopedic means” (1840) also dates back to the Dorpat period, which outlines an effective method of treating clubfoot, characterizes the biol, the properties of the blood clot and defines its treatment. role in wound healing processes.

N.I. Pirogov was the first among domestic scientists to come up with the idea of ​​plastic surgery (a trial lecture at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1835 “On plastic surgery in general and rhinoplasty in particular”), and was the first in the world to put forward the idea of ​​bone grafting, publishing it in 1854 . work "Osteoplastic lengthening of the leg bones during foot desquamation." His method of connecting the supporting stump during amputation of the lower leg at the expense of the calcaneus is known as Pirogov's operation (see Pirogov amputation); it served as an impetus for the development of other osteoplastic operations. The extraperitoneal access to the external iliac artery (1833) and the lower third of the ureter proposed by N.I. Pirogov received wide practical application and was named after him.

The exceptional role of N.I. Pirogov in developing the problem of pain relief. Anesthesia (see) was proposed in 1846, and the very next year N.I. Pirogov conducted extensive experimental and wedge testing of the analgesic properties of ether vapor. He studied their effect in experiments on animals (with various methods of administration - inhalation, rectal, intravascular, intratracheal, subarachnoid), as well as on volunteers, including himself. He was one of the first in Russia (February 14, 1847) to perform an operation under ether anesthesia (removal of the mammary gland for cancer), which lasted only 2.5 minutes; in the same month (for the first time in the world) he performed an operation under rectal ether anesthesia, for which a special apparatus was designed. He summarized the results of 50 surgical interventions performed in hospitals in St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kyiv in reports, oral and written communications (including in the Association of Doctors of St. Petersburg and the Medical Council of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in the St. Petersburg and the Paris Academies of Sciences) and the monographic work “Observations on the effect of ethereal vapors as an analgesic in surgical operations” (1847), which had vital importance in promoting a new method in Russia and introducing anesthesia into wedge and practice. In July-August 1847, N.I. Pirogov, sent to the Caucasian theater of military operations, used ether anesthesia for the first time in the conditions of active troops (during the siege of the fortified village of Salta). The result was unprecedented in the history of wars: operations took place without the groans and cries of the wounded. In “Report on a trip to the Caucasus” (1849), N. I. Pirogov wrote: “The possibility of broadcasting on the battlefield has been indisputably proven... The most comforting result of broadcasting was that the operations we performed in the presence of other wounded were not at all frightening, but, on the contrary, they reassured them about their own fate.”

The activities of N. I. Pirogov played a noticeable role in the history of asepsis and antiseptics, which, along with anesthesia, determined the success of surgery in the last quarter of the 19th century. Even before the publication of the works of L. Pasteur and J. Lister, in his wedge lectures on surgery, N. I. Pirogov expressed a brilliant guess that the suppuration of wounds depends on living pathogens (“hospital miasma”): “The miasma, while infecting, itself and is reproduced by the infected organism. Miasma is not, like poison, a passive aggregate of chemically active particles; it is organic, capable of developing and renewing itself.” From this theoretical position, he drew practical conclusions: he allocated special departments in his clinic for those infected with “hospital miasma”; demanded “to separate completely the entire staff of the gangrenosis department - doctors, nurses, paramedics and attendants, to give them dressings that are special from other departments (lint, bandages, rags) and special surgical instruments”; recommended that the doctor "of the miasmic and gangrenous department pay special attention to his dress and hands." Regarding dressing wounds with lint, he wrote: “You can imagine what this lint must look like under a microscope! How many eggs, fungi and various spores are there in it? How easily it becomes itself a means of transmitting infections!” N.I. Pirogov consistently carried out anti-putrefactive treatment of wounds, using iodine tincture, solutions of silver nitrate, etc., emphasizing the importance of gigabyte. measures in the treatment of the wounded and sick.

N.I. Pirogov was a champion of preventive medicine. He owns the famous words that have become the motto of Russian medicine: “I believe in hygiene. This is where the true progress of our science lies. The future belongs to preventative medicine.”

In 1870, in a review of the “Proceedings of the Permanent Medical Commission of the Poltava Provincial Zemstvo,” N.I. Pirogov advised the zemstvo to pay special attention to medical care. organizations for hygienic and sanitary education. sections of its work, and also not to lose sight of the food issue in practical activities.

N. I. Pirogov's reputation as a practical surgeon was as high as his reputation as a scientist. Even in the Dorpat period, his operations amazed with the boldness of his plan and the skill of execution. At that time, operations were carried out without anesthesia, so they tried to perform them as quickly as possible. Removal of the mammary gland or stone from the bladder, for example, N.I. Pirogov carried out in 1.5-3 minutes. During the Crimean War, at the main dressing station in Sevastopol on March 4, 1855, he performed 10 amputations in less than 2 hours. The international medical authority of N. I. Pirogov is evidenced, in particular, by his invitation for a consultative examination to the German Chancellor O. Bismarck (1859) and the national hero of Italy G. Garibaldi (1862).

The works of N. I. Pirogov on the problems of immobilization and shock were of great importance not only for military field surgery, but also for wedges and medicine in general. In 1847, at the Caucasian theater of military operations, he was the first in military field practice to use a fixed starch bandage for complex fractures of the limbs. During the Crimean War, he also applied a plaster cast in the field for the first time (1854) (see Plaster technique). N. I. Pirogov provides a detailed description of the pathogenesis, a description of methods for the prevention and treatment of shock; The wedge he described, the picture of shock, is classic and continues to appear in manuals and textbooks on surgery. He also described concussion, gaseous tissue swelling, and identified “wound consumption” as a special form of pathology, now known as “wound exhaustion.”

A characteristic feature of N. I. Pirogov - a doctor and teacher - was extreme self-criticism. Even at the beginning of his professorial career, he published a two-volume work “Annals of the Dorpat Surgical Clinic” (1837-1839), in which a critical approach to his own work and analysis of his mistakes are considered as the most important condition for the successful development of medical science. science and practice. In the preface to the 1st volume of the Annals, he wrote: “I consider it the sacred duty of a conscientious teacher to immediately make public his mistakes and their consequences in order to warn and edify others, even less experienced, against similar errors.” I. Pavlov called the publication of the “Annals” his first professorial feat: “... in a certain respect, an unprecedented publication. Such merciless, frank criticism of oneself and one’s activities is hardly found anywhere in the medical literature. And this is a huge merit!” In 1854, the Military Medical Journal published an article by N. I. Pirogov, “On the difficulties of recognizing surgical diseases and on happiness in surgery,” based on the analysis of Ch. arr. own medical errors. This approach to self-criticism as an effective weapon in the struggle for genuine science is characteristic of N. I. Pirogov in all periods of his varied activities.

N.I. Pirogov, the teacher, was distinguished by a constant desire for greater clarity of the presented material (for example, extensive demonstrations at lectures), the search for new methods of teaching anatomy and surgery, conducting wedges, rounds. His important merit in the field of medicine. education is the initiative to open hospital clinics for 5th year students. He was the first to justify the need to create such clinics and formulate the tasks facing them. In a project on the establishment of hospital clinics in Russia (1840), he wrote: “Nothing can contribute more to the dissemination of medical and especially surgical information among students than the applied direction in teaching... Clinical teaching... has a completely different goal from practical teaching in large hospitals and one is not enough for the complete education of a practical doctor..., a professor of practical medicine, hospital, during his visits, directs the attention of listeners to a whole mass of identical painful cases, while showing their individual shades; ...his lectures consist of a review major cases, comparing them, etc.; he has in his hands the means to advance science forward.” In 1841, a hospital surgical clinic began to function at the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy, and in 1842, the first hospital therapeutic clinic. In 1846, hospital clinics were opened at Moscow University, and then at Kazan, Dorpat and Kiev Universities with the simultaneous introduction of the 5th year of study for medical students. f-comr. This is how an important reform of higher medical education was carried out. education, which contributed to improving the training of domestic doctors.

N. I. Pirogov’s speeches on issues of upbringing and education had a great public resonance; his article “Questions of Life,” published in 1856 in the “Sea Collection,” received a positive assessment from N. G. Chernyshevsky and N. A. Dobrolyubov. From the same year, N.N.’s activities began. Pirogov in the field of education, which was marked by a constant struggle against ignorance and stagnation in science and education, against patronage and bribery. N.I. Pirogov sought to spread knowledge among the people, demanded the so-called. autonomy of the high fur boots, was a supporter of competitions that provide places for more capable and knowledgeable applicants. He defended equal rights to education for all nationalities, large and small, and all classes, strived for the implementation of universal primary education and was the organizer of Sunday public schools in Kyiv. On the question of the relationship between “scientific” and “educational” in higher education, he was a resolute opponent of the opinion that the high fur boots should teach, and the Academy of Sciences should “move science forward,” and argued: “It is impossible to separate educational from scientific at the university. But the scientific, even without the educational, still shines and warms. And the educational without the scientific - no matter how... alluring its appearance is - only shines.” In assessing the merits of the head of the department, he gave preference to scientific rather than pedagogical abilities and was deeply convinced that science is driven by method. “Even if the professor is dumb,” wrote N. I. Pirogov, “and teach by example, in practice, the real method of studying the subject - for science and for those who want to do science, it is more valuable than the most eloquent speaker...” A. I. Herzen called N. I. Pirogov one of the most prominent figures in Russia, who, in his opinion, brought great benefit to the Motherland not only as its “first operator,” but also as a trustee of educational districts.

N.I. Pirogov is rightly called the “father of Russian surgery” - his activities determined the emergence of domestic surgery at the forefront of world medicine. science (see Medicine). His works on topographic anatomy, on the problems of pain relief, immobilization, bone grafting, shock, wounds and wound complications, on the organization of military field surgery and the military medical service in general are classic and fundamental. His scientific school not limited to direct students: essentially all advanced domestic surgeons of the 2nd half of the 19th century. developed the anatomical and physiological direction in surgery based on the provisions and methods developed by N. I. Pirogov. His initiative in attracting women to care for the wounded, that is, in organizing the Institute of Sisters of Charity, played an important role in attracting women to medicine and contributed, as A. Dunant admitted, to the creation of the International Red Cross.

In May 1881, the 50th anniversary of N. I. Pirogov’s versatile activities was solemnly celebrated in Moscow; he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Moscow. After his death, the Society of Russian Doctors was founded in memory of N.I. Pirogov, which regularly convened Pirogov congresses (see). In 1897, in Moscow, in front of the building of the surgical clinic on Tsaritsynskaya Street (since 1919, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya), using funds raised by subscription, a monument to N. I. Pirogov (sculptor V. O. Sherwood) was erected; in the State Tretyakov Gallery there is a portrait of him by I. E. Repin (1881). By decision of the Soviet government, in 1947, in the village of Pirogovo (formerly Vishnya), where the crypt with the embalmed body of the great figure of Russian science was preserved, a memorial estate museum was opened. Since 1954, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and the board of the All-Union Society of Surgeons have been holding annual Pirogov readings. Dedicated to St. N.I. Pirogov. 3 thousand books and articles in domestic and foreign press. The Leningrad (formerly Russian) surgical society, the 2nd Moscow and Odessa medical institutes are named after N.I. Pirogov. His works on issues of general and military medicine, upbringing and education continue to attract the attention of scientists, doctors and teachers.

The museum is located in the Vyshnya estate (currently within the city of Vinnitsa), where N.I. Pirogov settled in 1861 and lived, with interruptions, the last 20 years of his life. In addition to the estate with a residential building and a pharmacy, the museum complex includes a tomb in which the embalmed body of N. I. Pirogov rests.

The proposal to create a museum in the Vishnya estate was first put forward in the early 20s. Vinnitsa Scientific Society of Doctors. This proposal found support and development at the ceremonial meeting of the Pirogov Surgical Society (December 6, 1926), as well as at the I (1926) and II (1928) All-Ukrainian Congresses of Surgeons in the speeches of N. M. Volkovich, I. I. Grekov , N.K. Lysenkova. In 1939-1940 in connection with the approaching 135th anniversary of the birth of N.I. Pirogov, People's Commissar of Health of the Ukrainian SSR and honey. The public again raised the issue of creating a memorial complex in the Pirogov estate. It was supposed to carry out the main work in the summer of 1941. However, the implementation of the developed plan was prevented by the war.

The organization of the museum began shortly after the liberation of Ukraine from the Nazi invaders (October 1944) in accordance with the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR to create a museum in the estate of N. I. Pirogov and to take measures to preserve his remains. Enormous credit for organizing the museum belongs to Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences E.I. Smirnov, at that time the head of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army.

The invaders caused great damage to the estate and tomb. The coffin with the scientist's body was on the verge of destruction. The commission appointed in May 1945, consisting of professors A. N. Maksimenkov, R. D. Sinelnikov, M. K. Dahl, M. S. Spirov, G. L. Derman and others, managed to slow down the process of tissue decay and restore the appearance of N.I. Pirogov. At the same time, repair and restoration work was carried out on the estate. The development of the exhibitions was undertaken by the Leningrad Military Medical Museum (see). On September 9, 1947, the grand opening of the museum took place.

The collection of museum exhibits reflects the medical, scientific, pedagogical, and social activities of N. I. Pirogov. The museum displays the scientist's works, memorial objects, handwritten documents, anatomical preparations, surgical instruments, pharmaceutical equipment, recipes, photographs, paintings and sculptures. The number of exhibits exceeds 15 thousand. The museum's library contains several thousand books and magazines. In the garden and park of the estate, trees planted by N. I. Pirogov have been preserved.

IN last years a team of scientists and practitioners consisting of S. S. Debov, V. V. Kupriyanov, A. P. Avtsyn, M. R. Sapin, K. I. Kulchitsky, Yu. I. Denisov-Nikolsky, L. D. Zherebtsov , V.D. Bilyk, S.A. Markovsky, G.S. Sobchuk carried out restoration work in the tomb and re-embalmed the body of N.I. Pirogov. For the restoration of the museum-estate of N. I. Pirogov and its use for widespread propaganda of the achievements of domestic medical science and the practice of Soviet healthcare, a group of scientists and museum workers was awarded the State Prize of the Ukrainian SSR (1983).

The museum is the scientific and educational base of the Vinnitsa Medical Institute named after. N.I. Pirogova. More than 300 thousand people see the museum’s exhibitions every year.

Essays: Num vinctura aortae abdominalis in aneurysmate inguinali adbibita facile ac tutum sit remedium? Dorpati, 1832; Practical and physiological observations on the effect of ether vapor on the animal organism, St. Petersburg, 1847; Report on a trip to the Caucasus, St. Petersburg, 1849; Military medical affairs, St. Petersburg, 1879; Works, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1887; Collected Works, vol. 1-8, M., 1957-1962.

Bibliography: Georgievsky A. S. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov and “Military medicine”, JT., 1979; G e s e l e-v and h A. M. Chronicle of the life of N. I. Pirogov (1810-1881), M., 1976; Geselev and A. M. and Smirnov E. I. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, M., 1960; Maksimenkov A. N. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, Leningrad, 1961; Smirnov E.I. Modern meaning the main provisions of N. I. Pirogov in military field surgery, Vestn, hir., t. 83, No. 8, p. 3, 1959.

Museum-Estate of N. I. Pirogov- Bolyarsky N. N. N. I. Pirogov in the “Cherry” estate of Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province, New. hir. arkh., vol. 15, book. I, p. 3, 1928; Kulchitsky K.I., Klantsa P.A. and Sobchuk G.S.N.I. Pirogov in the Cherry estate, Kyiv, 1981; Sobchuk G. S. and Klantsa P. A. Museum-Estate of N. I. Pirogov, Odessa, 1986; Sobchuk G. S., Kirilenko A. V. and Klanza P. A. Monument of national gratitude, Ortop. and traumat., No. 10, p. 60, 1985; Sobchuk G. S., Markovsky S. A. and Klantsa P. A. On the history of the museum-estate of N. I. Pirogov, Sov. health, Jsft 3, p. 57, 1986.

E. I. Smirnov, G. S. Sobchuk (museum), P. A. Klantsa (museum).

Pirogov’s brilliant mind and incomprehensible scientific intuition were so ahead of his time that his daring ideas, for example, an artificial joint, seemed fantastic even to the world’s experts in surgery. They simply shrugged their shoulders and laughed at his thoughts, which led so far into the 21st century.

Nikolai Pirogov was born on November 13, 1810 in Moscow, in the family of a treasury official. The Pirogov family was patriarchal, established, strong. Nikolai was the thirteenth child in her. As a child, little Kolya was impressed by Dr. Efrem Osipovich Mukhin (1766-1850), famous in Moscow to the same extent as Mudrov. Mukhin began as a military doctor under Potemkin. He was the dean of the department medical sciences, by 1832 he had written 17 treatises on medicine. Dr. Mukhin treated brother Nikolai for a cold. He often visited their house, and always, on the occasion of his arrival, a special atmosphere arose in the house. Nikolai liked the enchanting manners of the aesculapian so much that he began to play Doctor Mukhin with his family. Many times he listened to everyone at home with his pipe, coughed and, imitating Mukha’s voice, prescribed medications. Nikolai played so hard that he actually became a doctor. Yes, what! Famous Russian surgeon, teacher and public figure, founder of the Russian school of surgery.

Nikolai received his initial education at home and later studied at a private boarding school. He loved poetry and wrote poems himself. Nikolai spent only two years in the boarding school instead of the required four years. His father went bankrupt and had nothing to pay for his studies. On the advice of professor of anatomy E.O. Mukhina’s father, with great difficulty, “corrected” Nikolai’s age in the document (someone had to be “greased up”) from fourteen to sixteen years. People were admitted to Moscow University from the age of sixteen. Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov made it on time. A year later he died, and the family began to beg.

On September 22, 1824, Nikolai Pirogov entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1828. Pirogov’s student years passed during the period of reaction, when the preparation of anatomical preparations was prohibited as a “blasphemous” act, and anatomical museums were destroyed. After graduating from the university, he went to the city of Dorpat (Yuryev) to prepare for the professorship, where he studied anatomy and surgery under the guidance of Professor Ivan Filippovich Moyer.

On August 31, 1832, Nikolai Ivanovich defended his dissertation: “Is ligation of the abdominal aorta for an aneurysm of the groin area an easily feasible and safe intervention?” In this work, he raised and resolved a number of fundamentally important questions relating not so much to the technique of aortic ligation, but to elucidating the reactions to this intervention of both the vascular system and the body as a whole. With his data, he refuted the ideas of the then famous English surgeon A. Cooper about the causes of death during this operation.

In 1833-1835, Pirogov was in Germany, where he continued to study anatomy and surgery. In 1836, he was elected professor of the department of surgery at Dorpat (now Tartu) University. In 1849, his monograph “On cutting the Achilles tendon as an operative and orthopedic treatment” was published. Pirogov conducted more than eighty experiments, studied in detail the anatomical structure of the tendon and the process of its fusion after cutting. He used this operation to treat clubfoot. At the end of the winter of 1841, at the invitation of the Medical-Surgical Academy (in St. Petersburg), he took the chair of surgery and was appointed head of the hospital surgery clinic, organized on his initiative from the 2nd Military Land Hospital. At this time, Nikolai Ivanovich lived on the left side of Liteyny Prospekt, in a small house, on the second floor. In the same building, in the same entrance, on the second floor, opposite his apartment, the magazine “Sovremennik” is located, in the editorial office of which N.G. works. Chernyshevsky and N.A. Nekrasov.

In 1847, Doctor Pirogov went to the Caucasus to join the active army, where, during the siege of the village of Salta, he used ether for anesthesia in the field for the first time in the history of surgery. In 1854, he took part in the defense of Sevastopol, where he proved himself not only as a surgeon-clinician, but primarily as an organizer of medical care for the wounded; at this time, for the first time in the field, he used the help of sisters of mercy.

Upon returning from Sevastopol (1856), he left the Medical-Surgical Academy and was appointed trustee of the Odessa, and later (1858) Kyiv educational districts. However, in 1861, he was dismissed from this post for his progressive ideas in the field of education at that time. In 1862-1866 he was sent abroad as a leader of young scientists sent to prepare for the professorship. Upon returning from abroad, he settled on his estate, the village of Vishnya (now the village of Pirogovo, near the city of Vinnitsa), where he lived almost forever.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov also saw performances that reduced all the variety of surgical techniques to three basic rules: “...cut the soft parts, cut the hard parts, bandage where there is a leak.” He revolutionized surgery. His research laid the foundation for the scientific anatomical and experimental direction in surgery; Pirogov laid the foundations of military field surgery and surgical anatomy.

Nikolai Ivanovich’s services to world and domestic surgery are enormous. In 1847 he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. His works brought Russian surgery to one of the first places in the world. Already in the first years of scientific, pedagogical and practical activity, he harmoniously combined theory and practice, widely using the experimental method to clarify a number of clinically important issues. He built his practical work on the basis of thorough anatomical and physiological research. In 1837-1838 he published the work “Surgical Anatomy of Arterial Trunks and Fascia”; This study laid the foundations of surgical anatomy and determined the paths for its further development.

Paying great attention to the clinic, he reorganized the teaching of surgery in order to provide every student with the opportunity to study the subject practically. Special attention Pirogov paid attention to the analysis of mistakes made in the treatment of patients, considering practice the main method of improving scientific and pedagogical work (in 1837-1839), he published two volumes of “Clinical Annals”, in which he criticized his own mistakes in the treatment of patients).

In 1846, according to Pirogov’s project, the first anatomical institute in Russia was created at the Medical-Surgical Academy, which allowed students and doctors to study applied anatomy, practice operations, and also conduct experimental observations. The creation of a hospital surgical clinic and an anatomical institute allowed Pirogov to carry out a number of important studies that determined the further development of surgery. Giving special meaning knowledge of anatomy by doctors, Pirogov in 1846 published “Anatomical images of the human body, intended primarily for forensic doctors,” and in 1850 - “Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body.”

After the death of his wife, Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, Pirogov wanted to get married twice. By calculation. I didn’t believe that I could still fall in love. The wife, leaving Pirogov two sons, Nikolai and Vladimir, died in January 1846, at the age of twenty-four, from postpartum illness. In 1850, Nikolai Ivanovich finally fell in love and got married. Four months before the marriage, he bombarded the bride with letters. He sent them several times a day - three, ten, twenty, forty pages of small, neat handwriting! He revealed his soul, his thoughts, views, feelings to the bride. Without forgetting your “bad sides”, “imperfections of character”, “weaknesses”. He didn't want her to love him only for "great things." He wanted her to love him for who he was. While he was preparing for his wedding to nineteen-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom, the niece of General Kozen, his mother died.

Pirogov’s method of “ice sculpture” is well known. May the author be forgiven for this smile: maniacs are prohibited from reading further, so that it does not become a guide to action. Having set himself the task of finding out the shapes of various organs, their relative positions, as well as their displacement and deformation under the influence of physiological and pathological processes, Pirogov developed special methods for anatomical research on a frozen human corpse. Consistently removing tissue with a chisel and hammer, he left behind the organ or system that interested him. In other cases, Pirogov used a specially designed saw to make serial cuts in the transverse, longitudinal and anterior-posterior directions. As a result of his research, he created the atlas “Topographic anatomy, illustrated by sections drawn through the frozen human body in three directions,” equipped with explanatory text.

This work brought Pirogov world fame. The atlas not only provided a description of the topographic relationship of individual organs and tissues in various planes, but also showed for the first time the importance of experimental studies on a corpse.

Pirogov's works on surgical anatomy and operative surgery laid the scientific foundations for the development of surgery. An outstanding surgeon with a brilliant surgical technique, Pirogov did not limit himself to the use of surgical approaches and techniques known at that time; he created a number of new methods of operations that bear his name. The osteoplastic amputation of the foot he proposed for the first time in world practice laid the foundation for the development of osteoplastic surgery. Pathological anatomy did not go unnoticed by Pirogov. His famous work“Pathological anatomy of Asian cholera” (atlas 1849, text 1850), awarded the Demidov Prize, is still an unsurpassed study.

Rich personal experience surgeon, received by Pirogov during the wars in the Caucasus and Crimea, allowed him for the first time to develop a clear system for organizing surgical care for the wounded in the war.

The operation of resection of the elbow joint developed by Pirogov helped to a certain extent limit amputations. In “The Beginnings of General Military Field Surgery...” (published in 1864 in German; in 1865-1866, in two parts - in Russian, in two parts in 1941-1944), which are a generalization Pirogov’s military surgical practice, he outlined and fundamentally resolved the main issues of military field surgery (issues of organization, the doctrine of shock, wounds, pyemia, etc.). As a clinician, Pirogov was distinguished by exceptional observation; his statements regarding wound infection, the meaning of miasma, the use of various antiseptic substances in the treatment of wounds (tincture of iodine, bleach solution, silver nitrate) are essentially an anticipation of the works of the English surgeon J. Lister.

Pirogov’s great merit is in the development of pain management issues. In 1847, less than a year after the discovery of ether anesthesia by the American physician W. Morton, Pirogov published an exceptionally important experimental study devoted to the study of the effect of ether on the animal organism (“Anatomical and physiological studies on etherization”). He proposed a number of new methods of ether anesthesia (intravenous, intratracheal, rectal), and created devices for “etheration.” Along with the Russian physiologist Alexei Matveevich Filomafitsky (1807-1849), a professor at Moscow University, he made the first attempts to explain the essence of anesthesia; he pointed out that the narcotic substance has an effect on the central nervous system and this effect is carried out through the blood, regardless of the route of its introduction into the body.

At seventy years old, Pirogov became quite an old man. Cataracts blocked the joy of seeing the colors of the world clearly. Swiftness and will still lived in his face. There were almost no teeth. This made it difficult to speak. In addition, I suffered from a painful ulcer on the hard palate. The ulcer appeared in the winter of 1881. Pirogov mistook it for a burn. He had a habit of rinsing his mouth with hot water to prevent the smell of tobacco. A few weeks later he said to his wife: “It’s like cancer.” In Moscow, Pirogov was examined by Sklifosovsky, then by Val, Grube, and Bogdanovsky. They suggested surgery. His wife took Pirogov to Vienna, to the famous Billroth. Billroth tried to persuade him not to undergo surgery, and swore that the ulcer was benign. Pirogov was difficult to deceive. Even the almighty Pirogov was powerless against cancer.

In Moscow in 1881, the 50th anniversary of scientific, pedagogical and social activities Pirogov; he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Moscow. On November 23 of the same year, Pirogov died on his estate Vishnya, near the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa, his body was embalmed and placed in a crypt. In 1897, a monument to Pirogov was erected in Moscow using funds raised by subscription. On the estate where Pirogov lived, a memorial museum named after him was organized in 1947; Pirogov’s body was restored and placed for viewing in a specially rebuilt crypt.

The achievements of the great doctor, founder of military surgery, naturalist, surgeon, teacher, and public figure are outlined in this article.

Pirogov Nikolay Ivanovich contribution to medicine

1. Among the great events for Pirogov was the highest approval of the project of his first Anatomical Institute. He invented the “Pirogov operations”, opened the discipline of “topographic anatomy”, developed an Atlas for surgeons, which allows one to discern the detailed anatomical structure of the human body.

2. On October 16, 1846, carried out the first test ether anesthesia, to which quickly conquered the whole world. In February 1847, operations using this substance began to be practiced in Russia. Pirogov even invented a mask for inhaling ether anesthesia, and those who did not want to use an inhaler injected the drug internally.

3. Pirogov created modern surgical anatomy- he was the first surgeon who called for operations not “by eye”, but based on an accurate knowledge of the location of tissues in individual areas of the body.

4. Nikolai Pirogov introduced his own casualty triage system. Some people had operations performed under open air, in combat conditions, other wounded were evacuated after first aid into the interior of the country. At his insistence, a new form of medical care was introduced in the army - now nurses appeared. Therefore, Pirogov is considered the founder of military field medicine.

5. He proposed a new method of embalming the bodies of the dead. He himself was embalmed using this method and Pirogov’s body was kept in his museum for over 100 years.

6. Created the first surgical clinic in Russia. Here he founded a new direction - hospital surgery.

7. He was the first in the world to applied plaster casts.

8. Pirogov was the first surgeon who treated festering wounds by opening them.

9. Nikolai Ivanovich is the founder of osteoplastic operations.

10. Investigated the role of a blood clot in the process of restoring violations of the integrity of body tissues.

11. Pirogov was the first to insist on the use of antiseptics in treatment.

We hope that from this article you learned what contribution Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov made to medicine.

The future great doctor was born on November 27, 1810 in Moscow. His father Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov served as treasurer. He had fourteen children, most of whom died in infancy. Of the six survivors, Nikolai was the youngest.

He was helped to get an education by a family acquaintance - a famous Moscow doctor, professor at Moscow University E. Mukhin, who noticed the boy’s abilities and began to work with him individually. And already at the age of fourteen, Nikolai entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, for which he had to add two years to himself, but he passed the exams no worse than his older comrades. Pirogov studied easily. In addition, he had to constantly work part-time to help his family. Finally, Pirogov managed to get a position as a dissector in the anatomical theater. This work gave him invaluable experience and convinced him that he should become a surgeon.

Having graduated from the university one of the first in academic performance, Pirogov went to prepare for professorship at one of the best at that time in Russia, Yuryev University in the city of Tartu. Here, in the surgical clinic, Pirogov worked for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of twenty-six became a professor of surgery. In his dissertation, he was the first to study and describe the location of the abdominal aorta in humans, circulatory disorders during its ligation, circulatory pathways in case of its obstruction, and explained the causes of postoperative complications. After five years in Dorpat, Pirogov went to Berlin to study; the famous surgeons, to whom he went with his head bowed respectfully, read his dissertation, hastily translated into German. He found the teacher who more than others combined everything that he was looking for in a surgeon Pirogov not in Berlin, but in Göttingen, in the person of Professor Langenbeck. The Gottingen professor taught him the purity of surgical techniques.

Returning home, Pirogov became seriously ill and was forced to stop in Riga. As soon as Pirogov got out of his hospital bed, he began to operate. He started with rhinoplasty: he cut out a new nose for the noseless barber. Plastic surgery was followed by inevitable lithotomy, amputation, and tumor removal. Having gone from Riga to Dorpat, he learned that the Moscow department promised to him had been given to another candidate. Pirogov received a clinic in Dorpat, where he created one of his most significant works - “Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia.”

Pirogov provided a description of the operations with drawings. Nothing like the anatomical atlases and tables that were used before him. Finally, he goes to France, where five years earlier, after the professorial institute, his superiors did not want to let him go. In Parisian clinics, Nikolai Ivanovich does not find anything unknown. It’s curious: as soon as he found himself in Paris, he hurried to the famous professor of surgery and anatomy Velpeau and found him reading “Surgical anatomy of the arterial trunks and fascia.”

In 1841, Pirogov was invited to the department of surgery at the Medical-Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg. Here the scientist worked for more than ten years and created the first surgical clinic in Russia. In it, he founded another branch of medicine - hospital surgery. Nikolai Ivanovich is appointed director of the Tool Plant, and he agrees. Now he is coming up with tools that any surgeon can use to perform an operation well and quickly. He is asked to accept a position as a consultant in one hospital, in another, in a third, and he again agrees. In the second year of his life in St. Petersburg, Pirogov became seriously ill, poisoned by the hospital miasma and the bad air of the dead. I couldn’t get up for a month and a half. He felt sorry for himself, poisoning his soul with sad thoughts about years lived without love and lonely old age. He went over in his memory everyone who could bring him family love and happiness. The most suitable of them seemed to him Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, a girl from a well-born, but collapsed and greatly impoverished family. A hasty, modest wedding took place.

Pirogov had no time - great things awaited him. He simply locked his wife within the four walls of a rented and, on the advice of friends, furnished apartment. Ekaterina Dmitrievna died in the fourth year of marriage, leaving Pirogov with two sons: the second cost her her life. But in the difficult days of grief and despair for Pirogov, a great event happened - his project for the world's first Anatomical Institute was approved by the highest authorities.

On October 16, 1846, the first trial of ether anesthesia took place. In Russia, the first operation under anesthesia was performed on February 7, 1847 by Pirogov’s friend at the professorial institute, Fyodor Ivanovich Inozemtsev.

Soon Nikolai Ivanovich took part in military operations in the Caucasus. Here the great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia.

After the death of Ekaterina Dmitrievna, Pirogov was left alone. “I have no friends,” he admitted with his usual frankness. And boys, sons, Nikolai and Vladimir were waiting for him at home. Pirogov twice unsuccessfully tried to marry for convenience, which he did not consider necessary to hide from himself, from his acquaintances, and, it seems, from the girls planned as brides.

In a small circle of acquaintances, where Pirogov sometimes spent evenings, he was told about the twenty-two-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom. Pirogov proposed to Baroness Bistrom. She agreed.

When the Crimean War began in 1853, Nikolai Ivanovich considered it his civic duty to go to Sevastopol. He achieved appointment to the active army. While operating on the wounded, Pirogov, for the first time in the history of medicine, used a plaster cast, which accelerated the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of their limbs. On his initiative, a new form of medical care was introduced in the Russian army - nurses appeared. Thus, it was Pirogov who laid the foundations of military field medicine, and his achievements formed the basis for the activities of military field surgeons of the 19th-20th centuries; They were also used by Soviet surgeons during the Great Patriotic War.

After the fall of Sevastopol, Pirogov returned to St. Petersburg, where, at a reception with Alexander II, he reported on the incompetent leadership of the army by Prince Menshikov. The Tsar did not want to listen to Pirogov’s advice, and from that moment Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor. He was forced to leave the Medical-Surgical Academy. Appointed trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts, Pirogov is trying to change the school education system that existed in them. Naturally, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist again had to leave his post. In 1862-1866. supervised young Russian scientists sent to Germany. At the same time, Giusepe Garibaldi successfully operated on him. Since 1866 he lived on his estate in the village. Cherry, where he opened a hospital, a pharmacy and donated land to the peasants. He traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. As a consultant in military medicine and surgery, he went to the front during the Franco-Prussian (1870-1871) and Russian-Turkish (1877-1878) wars.

In 1879-1881. worked on “The Diary of an Old Doctor,” completing the manuscript shortly before his death. In May 1881, the fiftieth anniversary was solemnly celebrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg scientific activity Pirogov. However, at this time the scientist was already terminally ill, and in the summer of 1881 he died on his estate. But own death he managed to immortalize himself. Shortly before his death, the scientist made another discovery - he proposed a completely new method of embalming the dead. Pirogov’s body was embalmed, placed in a crypt and is now preserved in Vinnitsa, within the boundaries of which the estate was turned into a museum. I.E. Repin painted a portrait of Pirogov, located in the Tretyakov Gallery. After Pirogov’s death, the Society of Russian Doctors was founded in his memory, which regularly convened Pirogov congresses. The memory of the great surgeon continues to this day. Every year on his birthday, a prize and medal are awarded in his name for achievements in the field of anatomy and surgery. The 2nd Moscow, Odessa and Vinnitsa medical institutes are named after Pirogov.

Virgo