The Egyptian civilization was not only one of the greatest civilizations ancient world, but also in some ways - the most mysterious, because the majestic pyramids and the sphinx, the gloomy tombs of priests and pharaohs, the mysterious ancient scrolls stored in the rebuilt Alexandria Library, the ruins of ancient temples and the old quarters of cities still keep the secrets of the past. Egyptian civilization and the religion of the ancient Egyptians were practically one whole, because they had a decisive influence on the cultural and social life both ordinary Egyptians and the elite of society.

Since ancient Egypt was a state in which the life of every member of society was completely dependent on the power of the pharaoh and the priests, it is quite natural that the religion of ancient Egypt was a key instrument of control over society. The priests had virtually unlimited power, and very often the high priest acted " eminence grise kingdom", since he had unlimited influence on the pharaoh. It should be noted that the religion of ancient Egypt differed from the beliefs of other ancient peoples, for example, from, first of all, the fact that the Egyptians did not worship idols (statues of gods and mythical heroes, sacred animals, etc.), but the belief included a large number of cults and cult rituals that were carried out in temples by priests.

Pantheon of gods of the ancient Egyptians

The Egyptian kingdom occupied a fairly large area, so it is not surprising that the way of life and beliefs of the Egyptians from different parts states differed significantly. Each province had its own gods and cults, but the ancient Egyptians also believed in the “common Egyptian” gods, and from the time of the Middle Kingdom, when Egypt established fairly close trade relations with Palestine, Nubia and Syria, in the gods worshiped by representatives of these peoples

There were nine main deities in the religion of the ancient Egyptians; they, according to belief, were the first gods and creators of the world and other gods. The Supreme Nine (Ennead) of the pantheon of gods was revered throughout Egypt, and the deities that were included in this “nine” were:

Ra - god of the sun and the earth's firmament;

Shu - god of air;

Tefnut - goddess of rain and water;

Geb - god of the earth;

Nut - goddess of the sky;

Osiris - god the afterlife and patron of kings;

Isis - goddess of love and motherhood;

Set is the god of sandstorms, rage, war and death;

In addition to the "primordial" gods, the ancient Egyptians also believed in a myriad of other deities. The exact gods that the subjects of the pharaohs worshiped have not yet been established - for example, in one of the international treaties signed by Pharaoh Ramses the second, more than a thousand gods and goddesses were mentioned. Also, in each of the major cities of ancient Egypt, supreme triads of gods were formed - divine families consisting of the father god, the mother goddess and the son god: in Memphis the triad was Ptah, Sokhmet and Nefertum; in Abydos - Osiris, Isis and Horus, in Thebes - Amun, Mut and Khonsu.

Totemism and animal cult in the beliefs of the ancient Egyptians

The ancient Egyptians, like no other people, had a belief in the supernatural essence of many animals, since it was representatives of the fauna in the eyes of the Egyptians who personified the gods on earth and served as intermediaries between gods and people. Therefore, the cult of animals in Egypt played one of the key roles in belief - lions, dogs, some types of snakes and insects, hippos, cows, crocodiles, vultures and falcons were considered sacred animals; often sacred animals lived at temples..

Most researchers of the religion of ancient Egypt agree that initially the cult of animals in ancient Egypt arose as a result of people’s fear and veneration of the strength and power of animals, but later, with the development of beliefs, representatives of the fauna began to be considered the incarnations of deities on earth. This is evidenced by the fact that during the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period, the Egyptians depicted their deities in the form of animals - for example, the goddess Nut was depicted as a cow, Osiris as a bull, Ra as a falcon, etc. In later times During the development of Egyptian civilization, totemism was somewhat supplanted, and in images and scrolls created in the second and first millennia BC, deities are already depicted as people with animal heads.

The most significant cults in the beliefs of the ancient Egyptians

The religion of ancient Egypt was truly comprehensive: every phenomenon had its own deity, and all the actions of the Egyptians were strictly regulated by belief. The power of the priests in ancient Egypt was practically unlimited, and ordinary Egyptians regularly visited temples and gave a significant part of their income as donations and gifts to the gods. In order to further strengthen power and achieve unquestioning submission of the people royal family(and therefore to the high priests, who acted as the main advisers to the pharaoh and made many important state decisions), the priests gradually created pharaoh cult . Pharaoh was considered supreme man, the messenger of the god Ra and the conductor of his will on earth, therefore the cult of the pharaoh occupied a fairly significant place in the life of every Egyptian.

A special attitude towards death led to the formation cult of the dead in ancient Egypt - the Egyptians believed in the existence of a soul that leaves the body after death and goes to the afterlife, and also believed that the soul could return to material world subject to the safety of the body. Therefore, the funeral cult in ancient Egypt was based on special treatment to the bodies of the dead, because in order to enable the soul to return again to the ordinary world, it was necessary to preserve the body incorruptible. The methods of embalming and mummification developed by Egyptian priests still amaze modern scientists - the priests managed to mummify the bodies of the rulers of Egypt so that their remains were preserved after millennia.

Cult of Osiris , one of the most revered deities of ancient Egypt, flows from the funeral cult, because it was Osiris that the Egyptians considered the supreme ruler world of the dead. The center of the worship of Osiris was the city of Abydos, where numerous temples of this deity were located, and in holidays priests performed various rituals and ceremonies to enlist the support of the deity and receive his protection. There is an opinion that the three main pyramids in Giza, which served as tombs for the great pharaohs of antiquity, were not accidentally located according to the location of the stars of the Orion constellation. The priests of ancient Egypt had sufficient knowledge of astronomy and identified the constellation Orion with Osiris, so they probably designed a complex of tombs on the principle of "on earth as in heaven" to help the deceased pharaohs find their way to kingdom of the dead and take it there worthy place near Osiris.

For all ancient people, the world was filled with mystery. Much of what surrounded them was perceived as unknown and frightening. The ancient Egyptian deities were for people natural and helping to understand the structure of the universe.

Pantheon of ancient Egyptian gods

Beliefs in gods were embedded in the ancient Egyptian civilization from the moment of its inception, and the rights of the pharaohs were based on their divine origin. Egyptian pantheon inhabited by deities with supernatural abilities, with the help of which they helped believers and protected them. However, the gods were not always benevolent, therefore, in order to earn their favor, not only prayer was required, but also various offerings.

Historians know more than two thousand deities of the ancient Egyptian pantheon. The main gods and goddesses of Ancient Egypt, who were worshiped throughout the kingdom, number less than a hundred names. Many others were worshiped only in certain tribes and regions. With the development of ancient Egyptian civilization and culture, it was created national religion, which has been the subject of many changes. The gods and goddesses of Egypt often changed their status and place in the hierarchical ladder depending on the dominant political force.

Afterlife beliefs

The Egyptians believed that every human being was composed of physical and spiritual parts. In addition to sah (body), man had the essence of shu (shadow, or dark side of the soul), ba (soul), ka (life force). After death, the spiritual part was freed from the body and continued to exist, but for this it needed physical remains or a substitute (for example, a statue) - as a permanent home.

The ultimate goal of the deceased was to unite his ka and ba to become one of the "blessed dead" living as an ah (spiritual form). In order for this to happen, the deceased had to be found worthy in a trial in which his heart was weighed against the “pen of truth.” If the gods considered the deceased worthy, he could continue to exist on earth in spiritual form. Moreover, it was initially believed that only the gods, as well as the goddesses of Egypt, possessed the essence of ba. For example, the Supreme Ra had as many as seven ba, but later the priests determined that every person possesses this essence, thereby proving their closeness to the gods.

It is equally interesting that the heart, and not the brain, was considered the seat of thoughts and emotions, so in court it could testify for or against the deceased.

Worship Process

The gods were worshiped in temples run by priests acting on behalf of the pharaoh. In the center of the temple there was a statue of the god or goddess of Egypt to whom the cult was dedicated. Temples were not places of public worship or meeting. Typically, access to the personification of the deity and the ritual of worship was isolated from the outside world and was available only to ministers of the cult. Only during certain holidays and celebrations was the statue of God taken out for public worship.

Ordinary citizens could worship deities, having their own statues and amulets at home, they provided protection from the forces of chaos. Since the role of the pharaoh as the main spiritual intermediary was abolished after the New Kingdom, religious practices were refocused on direct As a result, priests developed a system of oracles to communicate the will of the gods directly to believers.

Appearance

Most in physical form tended to be a combination of human and animal, many of them associated with one or more animal species.

It was believed that the mood in which the gods or goddesses of Egypt were was directly dependent on the image of the animal accompanying their appearance. An angry deity was depicted as a ferocious lioness; in a good mood, a celestial being could look like an affectionate cat.

To emphasize the character and strength of the gods, it was also customary to depict them with the body of a man and the head of an animal, or vice versa. Sometimes this approach was used to clearly show the power of the pharaoh; he could be depicted with a human head and the body of a lion, as in the case of the Sphinx.

Many deities were represented only in human form. Among them were such figures as very ancient cosmogonic gods, as well as the goddesses of Egypt: air - Shu, earth - Geb, sky - Nut, fertility - Min, and the artisan Ptah.

There are a number of minor gods who took grotesque forms, including the goddess Amat, who devours the dead. Her image consists of parts of a crocodile, a lioness and a hippopotamus.

Ennead Gods

In ancient Egyptian mythology there are nine main solar gods, collectively known as the Ennead. The homeland of the great divine nine was the city of the sun Heliopolis, where the center of worship of the supreme god Atum (Amun, Amon, Ra, Pta) and other main deities associated with him was located. So, the main gods and goddesses of Egypt had the names: Amun, Geb, Nut, Isis, Osiris, Shu, Tefnut, Nephthys, Seth.

Supreme God of Ancient Egypt

Atum is the god of first creation, who created himself from the primary chaos. Nun somehow has family ties with all the main gods of Ancient Egypt. In Thebes, the creator god was considered Amun, or Amon-Ra, who, like Zeus in Greek mythology, was the supreme god, the king of all gods and goddesses. He was also considered the father of the pharaohs.

The female form of Amon is Amaunet. The "Theban Triad" - Amon and Mut, together with their offspring Khonsu (Moon God) - was worshiped in Ancient Egypt and beyond. Amun was the chief deity of Thebes, whose power grew as the city of Thebes grew from an insignificant village in the Old Kingdom into a powerful metropolis of the Middle and New Kingdoms. He rose to become the patron of the Theban pharaohs, and eventually began to appear as Ra, the dominant deity of the ancient kingdom.

Amon means "hidden, mysterious form." He most often appeared as a man wearing robes and a crown with double feathers, but sometimes supreme god depicted as a ram or goose. It was implied that the true nature of this god could not be revealed. The cult of Amon spread far beyond Egypt, he was worshiped in Ethiopia, Nubia, Libya and some areas of Palestine. The Greeks believed that the Egyptian Amon was a manifestation of the god Zeus. Even Alexander the Great saw fit to turn to the oracle of Amun.

Functions and names of the main gods of Ancient Egypt

• Shu is the husband of Tefnut, the father of Nut and Geb. He and his wife were the first gods created by Atum. Shu was the god of air and sunlight. Usually depicted as a man wearing a headdress in the form of a train. Shu's function was to hold the body of the goddess Nut and separate heaven from earth. Shu was not a solar deity, but his role in providing sunlight linked him to the god Ra.
• Geb is the father of Osiris, Isis, Set and Nephthys. He was in eternal union with the goddess Nut until Shu separated them. As the god of the earth, he was associated with fertility, and earthquakes were believed to be Gebe's laughter.
• Osiris is the son of Geb and Nut. He was revered as the god of the underworld. Having green skin - a symbol of renewal and growth - Osiris was also the god of vegetation and the patron of the fertile banks of the Nile. Despite the fact that Osiris was killed by his own brother Set, his wife Isis brought him back to life (to conceive his son Horus).
• Set - god of the desert and thunderstorms, later became associated with chaos and darkness. He was depicted as a man with the head of a dog with a long muzzle, but sometimes he is depicted as a pig, crocodile, scorpion or hippopotamus. Set is one of the leading characters in the legend of Isis and Osiris. As a result of the growing popularity of the cult of Osiris, Set became demonized and his images were removed from temples. Despite this, he was still worshiped as one of the major deities in some parts of Ancient Egypt.

Goddess mother

The pantheon is headed by the mother goddess, the patroness of moisture and heat, Tefnut. Shu's wife and the first goddess created by Atum is mentioned in myths as the daughter and eye of Ra. Later she became identified with Mut, the wife of Amun and the mother of Khonsu, and was one of the main Theban goddesses. Revered as the great Divine Mother. Mut is usually depicted as a woman wearing a white and red crown. She is sometimes depicted with the head or body of a vulture, or as a cow, because in a later period she merged with Hathor, another great Divine Mother, who was usually depicted as a woman with the horns of a cow.

Functions and names of goddesses of Ancient Egypt

Now let’s present a list of female divine hypostases.

• Nut is the goddess of the sky, mother of Osiris, Isis, Set and Nephthys, wife and sister of Hebe. Usually manifested in human form, her elongated body symbolizes the sky. Part of the cult of the underworld and guardian of souls, she was often depicted on the ceilings of temples, tombs and the inside of sarcophagus lids. To this day, on ancient artifacts you can find an image of this goddess of Egypt. Photos of ancient frescoes of Nut and Heb clearly show an idea of ​​​​the structure of the universe.

• Isis is the goddess of motherhood and fertility, patroness of children and the oppressed, mother of the god Horus, wife and sister of Osiris. When her beloved husband was killed by her brother Set, she collected his dismembered body parts and bound them together with bandages, reviving Osiris and thus laying the foundation for the ancient Egyptian practice of mummifying their dead. By bringing Osiris back to life, Isis also introduced the concept of resurrection, which had a profound impact on other religions, including Christianity. Isis is depicted as a woman holding an ankh (key of life) in her hand, sometimes with female body and the head of a cow or with a crown in the form of cow horns.

• Nephthys, or Lady of the Underground, is the second sister of Osiris, the youngest child of the divine family of Hebe and Nut, often referred to as the goddess of death or the keeper of the scrolls. Later she was identified with the goddess Seshat, the patroness of the pharaohs, whose functions included protecting the royal archives and determining the duration of the reign of the pharaohs. Twilight was considered the time of this goddess; the Egyptians believed that Nephthys floated across the sky in a night boat, and Isis in a day boat. Both goddesses were revered as protectors of the dead, and were therefore often depicted as falcon or winged women in temples, tombs and on the lids of sarcophagi. Nephthys completes the list of “Main Goddesses of Egypt.” The list can be continued by no less revered ones.

Powerful Goddesses of Egypt

• Sekhmet - goddess of war and healing, patroness of the pharaohs and arbiter in the courtroom of Osiris. She was depicted as a lioness.
• Bastet is a goddess who was worshiped by Egyptian mothers. She was often depicted as a cat surrounded by kittens. For her ability to fiercely protect her children, she was considered one of the most ferocious and deadly goddesses.

• Maat was the personification of the goddess of truth, morality, justice and order. She symbolized the harmony of the universe and was the opposite of chaos. Therefore, she was the main participant in the ceremony of weighing the heart in the afterlife courtroom. Usually depicted as a woman with an ostrich feather on her head.
• Uto, or Buto, is the nurse of the god Horus. She was perceived and revered as the protector of the living and the patroness of the pharaohs. Butoh was always ready to strike at any potential enemy of the pharaoh, therefore she was depicted as a cobra entwining the solar disk (uraeus), and was often included in the royal regalia as a symbol of Egyptian sovereignty.
• Hathor is the goddess of motherhood and fertility, the patroness of the fine arts, also known as the mistress of heaven, earth and the underworld. A highly revered goddess among the ancient Egyptians. She was viewed as a wise, kind and affectionate protector of the living and the dead. Most often, Hathor was depicted as a woman with cow horns and a uraeus on her head.

These ancient female deities were highly revered by people. Knowing the names of the goddesses in Egypt, their tough temperament and speed of execution, the Egyptians pronounced their names in prayers with reverence and horror.

Ancient Egypt was one of the first great civilizations on earth, dating back to the dawn of human history. And the ideas of the ancient Egyptians about the world around them differed significantly from the ideas modern people. The ancient Egyptian pantheon consisted of huge amount gods, who were most often depicted with human body and the head of the animal. Therefore, the Egyptians treated animals with great respect; the worship of animals was elevated to a cult.

1. Harem of the sacred bull

As part ancient cult The Egyptians revered the bull as an animal. They considered him a deity who had descended to earth. Of all the bulls, one was chosen based on special signs, which later served as a sacred bull named Apis. It had to be black with special white markings.

This bull lived in Memphis, in a special “sacred stable” at the temple. He was provided with such care that many people could not even dream of dreaming of, fed and revered as a god, they even kept a harem of cows for him. On Apis's birthday, celebrations were held and bulls were sacrificed to him. When Apis died, he was buried with honors and the search for a new sacred bull began.

2. Pet - hyena

Before settling on dogs and cats, humanity experimented with domesticating some rather strange animals. 5,000 years ago, the Egyptians kept hyenas as pets. Drawings left on the tombs of the pharaohs show that they were used for hunting.

However, the Egyptians did not have much love for them; they were often kept and fattened only for food. And yet, giggling hyenas did not take root as pets among the Egyptians, especially since there were many cats and dogs hanging around nearby, which turned out to be more suitable.

3. Cause of death - hippopotamus

Pharaoh Menes lived approximately 3000 BC, and left a great mark on Egyptian history. He managed to unite the warring kingdoms of Egypt, which he subsequently ruled for about 60 years. According to the ancient Egyptian historian Manetho, Menes died from wounds received while hunting a hippopotamus. However, no further mention of this tragedy has survived. The only confirmation can be a drawing on a stone depicting a king asking for life from a hippopotamus.

4. Sacred mongooses

The Egyptians adored mongooses and considered them one of the most sacred animals. They were amazed at the courage of these small furry animals, who bravely fought with huge cobras. The Egyptians erected bronze statues of mongooses, wore amulets with their images and kept them as beloved pets.

Some Egyptians were even buried with the mummified remains of their beloved mongooses. Mongooses even entered Egyptian mythology. According to one story, the sun god Ra turned into a mongoose to fight evil.

5. Killing a cat was punishable by death.

In Egypt, a cat was considered a sacred animal, and killing one, even involuntarily, was punishable by death. No exceptions were allowed. Once even the king of Egypt himself tried to save a Roman who accidentally killed a cat, but he failed. Even under the threat of war with Rome, the Egyptians lynched him and left his corpse in the street. One of the legends tells how cats became the reason that the Egyptians lost the war.

In 525 BC The Persian king Cambyses, before the attack, ordered his soldiers to catch cats and attach them to their shields. The Egyptians, seeing the frightened cats, surrendered without a fight, because... could not hurt their sacred animals.

6. Mourning for a cat

For the Egyptians, the death of a cat was a tragedy no less than the loss of a family member. On this occasion, mourning was declared in the family, during which everyone had to shave their eyebrows.
The body of the dead cat was embalmed, scented and buried, with mice, rats and milk placed in her grave for her later life. afterlife. The cat burials were huge. In one of them, about 80,000 embalmed cats were found.

7. Hunting with cheetahs

Big cats such as lions were allowed to be hunted. At the same time, the cheetah, by Egyptian standards, was considered a small, fairly safe cat that could be kept even at home. Ordinary residents, of course, did not have cheetahs in their houses, but the kings, in particular Ramses II, had many tamed cheetahs, and even lions, in his palace, and he was not the only one. Paintings on ancient tombs often depict Egyptian kings hunting with tamed cheetahs.

8. City of the Sacred Crocodile

The Egyptian city of Crocodilopolis was the religious center of a cult dedicated to the god Sobek, depicted as a man with the head of a crocodile. In this city the Egyptians kept a sacred crocodile. People came from all over to look at him. The crocodile was hung with gold and jewels and was served by a group of priests.

People brought food as gifts, and the priests, opening the crocodile's mouth, forced him to eat it. They even poured wine into his open mouth. When a crocodile died, its body was wrapped in thin cloth, mummified and buried with great honor. After this, another crocodile was chosen as the sacred animal.

9. The birth of scarab beetles

The Egyptians believed that scarab beetles were magically born in excrement. The Egyptians believed that scarab beetles had magical powers. And all of them, from rich to poor, wore these beetles as amulets. The Egyptians saw scarabs rolling excrement into balls and hiding them in holes. But they did not see how the females subsequently laid their eggs in them, and therefore they believed that scarabs miraculously emerged from excrement and endowed them with magical powers.

10. War over the love of hippopotamuses

The cause of one of Egypt's biggest wars was the love of Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao II for hippopotamuses. He kept a whole pool of hippopotamuses in his palace. Egypt then consisted of several kingdoms. One day, Pharaoh Apopi, the ruler of a stronger kingdom, ordered Seqenenre Tao II to get rid of the hippos because they made a lot of noise and disturbed his sleep.

This, of course, was a mocking reason, since Apopi lived 750 km from the hippopotamuses. Sekenenra, who had long suffered tyranny from Apopi, this time could not stand it and declared war on him. And although he himself died, his son and other pharaohs continued the war. And it ended with the unification of Egypt.

The most incredible discoveries are also associated with Ancient Egypt. So, it recently became known that.

Remember:

What gods were worshiped in Ancient Mesopotamia?

The main god of Babylon was Marduk, considered the creator of the world and people. Marduk defeated the terrible monster and brought order to life on earth. Marduk was depicted either as a mighty hero or as a bull or dragon. The goddess of fertility, love and war, Innana among the Sumerians, also known as Ishtar among the Babylonians, appeared as a warrior. Her chariot was drawn by fierce lions. Ishtar was also identified with the planet we call Venus.

What place did priests occupy in the divisional society of Babylon?

Priests occupied high positions in Sumer and Babylon. The first rulers of Ancient Mesopotamia emerged from among the priests. The priests were the keepers of knowledge. The priests were considered servants of the gods; they offered prayers to them and made sacrifices. The priests obeyed only the king and possessed enormous wealth.

Questions and tasks:

What gods did the ancient Egyptians worship?

The god of its ancient capital Memphis, Ptah, was especially revered in Egypt. The Egyptians believed that he created other gods and the whole world. The sun god Ra gave the earth and people light, warmth, and life. Over time, the cult of the god Ra merged with the cult of another sun god - Amon. Amon-Ra was the main god of the Egyptian state and was considered the king of the gods.

The Egyptians especially revered the god of wisdom Thoth. He was the scribe of the gods and taught people writing, counting, and various knowledge. He was also a guide to the kingdom of the dead. Thoth was depicted as a man with the head of an ibis bird or as a monkey.

Each god had his own sacred animal. The sacred bull of Amon-Ra, whose name was Apis, lived in a special temple. The symbol of the sun god was a beetle rolling balls of dung and whining with its front paws. It was called a scarab. When sacred animals died, their bodies were turned into mummies and buried with great honor. Killing a sacred animal could result in severe punishment and even the death penalty.

Why were Osiris and Isis revered in ancient Egypt?

Because Osiris was the first king of Egypt, and Isis was the first queen. They wisely ruled the country and took care of its inhabitants. Osiris taught people to grow wheat and barley, build houses, smelt ore, and make dishes. After the son of Osiris, Horus, resurrected his father, Osiris became the ruler of the underworld, a judge in the kingdom of the dead. The fate of a person’s soul depended on him.

Beautiful Isis, the wife of Osiris, patronized people in the earthly world. She was the chief among the goddesses. The land life of people, the number of harvests and survival depended on Isis.

Compare the position of priests in ancient Egypt and in Mesopotamia.

The position of priests in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia was similar: they occupied a special position in society, they were “servants” of God, and had great knowledge, wealth and power. But in Mesopotamia, the priests were subordinate to the king and, like all residents, were considered “slaves of the king”; they did not directly influence the king’s decisions. In Egypt, the priests not only had enormous power, but also influenced the rulers. Sometimes the priests competed with the pharaohs and even became the rulers of Egypt.

What reform did Pharaoh Akhenaten implement?

At the turn of the 15th-14th centuries BC. Akhenaten exalted the cult of one god Aten. The golden disk of the sun was proclaimed the symbol of Aten. The rays of the solar disk of Aten reached the earth and gave it life. In the images of Aten, the rays of the sun ended in palms that seemed to want to stroke each person.

The pharaoh changed his former name Amenhotep IV and, in honor of the god Aten, began to be called Akhenaten, which meant “Pleasing to Aten.” He moved the capital of the country to the specially built city of Akhetaten - “Horizon of Aten”.

As a result of the religious reform of Pharaoh Akhenaten, the cult of one god was established in Ancient Egypt.

How are religion and art related in Ancient Egypt?

Almost all art in Ancient Egypt was associated with religion. The drawings in the tombs were dedicated to the achievements of man during life; the pyramids were built for a quiet afterlife. Temples and ritual devices - pots, bowls, statues - were all decorated with both paints and carvings on religious themes.

“Gods in Ancient Greece” - Titian “Venus”. Athena. Hermes - Mercury - god of trade, roads and thieves. Zeus statue in Olympia. The sun is Helios. Demeter. Tell the myth of Narcissus. Family tree ancient greek gods. Ares - in Roman Mars - the god of unjust, bloodthirsty war. Poseidon - Neptune - god of the seas. Muses are goddesses of art.

“The Religion of the Ancient Egyptians” - The Gods of the Ancient Egyptians. Temples are the dwellings of the gods; priests are the servants of the gods. Why did the pharaohs of Egypt organize military campaigns? Chickpeas Apep. The pharaoh was called in Egypt "son of god" and "great god." What connection existed between religion and government power? Apis. What were the results of the campaigns for the pharaoh, the military leader and ordinary soldiers?

"The Ancient Gods" - Cheese Mother Earth - an important character in Slavic mythology since ancient times. Dazhdbog. Roof. God is the manager, God punishes for non-compliance with the laws. People learned to overcome difficulties and value happiness. Svarog. Perun's thoughts are quick, whatever he wants is now. All people should be able to get along with each other.

"Gods of Egypt" - Anyubis. Ancient Egypt: GODS. Oryus. Pta. Set. Tueris. Re, god of the sun. Api. Isis. Osiris. Bastet, a cat who turns into a lioness. Selkis. Image of the Sun God Re in a boat. The sun god Re crosses the sky every day in his boat. Sobek. Demon. Ator. That. Knum.

“Gods of the Slavs” - Dazhdbog. Hence Perun is a producer, a creator. The ancient worship of Perun was transferred to the Christian era on Elijah the prophet (August 2). Posthumous judge and lifetime tester, powerful wizard and lord of magic, werewolf. Everything comes to life, grows, reaches for the sun. The connection of the gods with the change of seasons. LADA is Yarilo’s wife.

“Gods of Greece” - Demeter – goddess of agriculture. Hephaestus is the god of fire and blacksmithing. Satyrs are fertility demons. Poseidon is the god of the sea. Athena is the goddess of wisdom and just war. Hera is the supreme goddess, wife of the sky god Zeus. Hades - God in the kingdom of the dead. Zeus is the god of the sky. Apollo is the sun god. Hermes is the messenger of the gods. Ares is the god of war.

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