The Kazan Cathedral, consecrated in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, was built on Red Square in the second quarter of the 17th century in gratitude for the deliverance of Russia from the Polish-Lithuanian invaders in 1612 and in memory of the Russian soldiers who died in this war. This is the first temple restored in Moscow from shrines destroyed by the Bolsheviks.
The Kazan Icon of the Mother of God is one of the most revered in Moscow. She was found in Kazan on July 8, 1579: according to legend, the nine-year-old girl Matrona saw the Most Holy Theotokos three times in a dream, who showed her the place under the ruins of the house where Her miraculous image was located. The girl told the local priest Ermolai about this vision, and the icon was indeed found in the indicated place.
30 years passed, and the Kazan priest Ermolai became the famous Patriarch Hermogenes. During the terrible Time of Troubles for Russia, he led the fight for the preservation of Russian statehood and was the ideological inspirer of the Russian militia. Starved to death by the Poles in the Kremlin Chudov Monastery, he refused to bless the invaders until his last breath.
It was on his order that the recently acquired icon of the Mother of God was delivered from Kazan to help the defenders of Russia. In March 1612, she was met in Yaroslavl II by the Russian militia under the leadership of Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and went with her on a liberation campaign to Moscow, occupied by Polish troops. In October, after a long siege of Kitai-Gorod, it was decided to take it by storm, and a prayer service was served in front of the Kazan Icon. According to legend, on the same night, the Greek Archbishop Arseny, imprisoned in the Kremlin, appeared in a dream Venerable Sergius Radonezhsky and reported that “through the intercession of the Mother of God, the Judgment of God for the Fatherland has been transferred to mercy, and Russia will be saved.” On October 22, 1612, the militia entered Kitay-Gorod, and five days later the Poles, tortured by hunger in the Kremlin, surrendered.
In gratitude for the help and intercession, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, at his own expense, built a wooden cathedral in the name of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in the 20s of the 17th century. The temple was consecrated by the patriarch in the presence of the tsar and Pozharsky himself, who brought the icon in his arms from his home on Lubyanka, where it was kept in the Vvedenskaya Church until the construction of the Kazan Cathedral.
An ancient legend has been preserved that the Kazan Icon is not located in the temple itself, but above the bell tower in the middle of the cross, and that the holy icon was brought into the cathedral several times, but each time it appeared again on the cross of the bell tower. One cannot help but see the analogy with the legendary Iveron Icon, located next door.
Previously, on the site of the Kazan Cathedral, one of the Trading Rows was located in a stone building. And after the construction of the temple, near its fence they continued to trade - wax candles, baked bread, rolls and apples. In ancient times, quarrels between merchants and buyers were sorted out at the Poteshny Court in the Kremlin, and for a long time merchants were sworn in in the Kazan Cathedral.
Soon wooden temple burned down, and was restored from royal brick in 1635 by masters Semyon Glebov and Naum Petrov (according to another version, by the royal master Abrosim Maksimov) and consecrated in October 1636. In the 19th century, the cathedral was rebuilt, but the modern building almost completely corresponds to the original appearance of the cathedral.
If the Intercession Church symbolized the Heavenly Jerusalem, then the Kazan Cathedral can be considered a symbol of the Church Militant. Researchers have noted the similarity of Russian warriors to angelic cavalry, expressed by the colors of the military dress uniform of the 17th century - “gilded armor, red cloaks and white wings with gold tips.” These colors correspond to the description in the Apocalypse of Christ's Heavenly Host fighting the Beast and his false prophet. The “King of kings and Lord of lords” is seated on a white horse and dressed in “robes stained with blood.” His armies in white robes (fine linen) follow him also on white horses. The main color scheme of the Kazan Cathedral - a combination of red, white and gold - coincides with the colors of the clothing of the Russian cavalry and the apocalyptic Heavenly Army and in this case symbolizes the Army of Christ.
In Byzantine Orthodox aesthetics, colors had a certain symbolic meaning. Gold was a symbol of Divine radiance, God himself. The red color expressed flame, fire, punishing and cleansing. He was also a symbol of the blood of Christ, atonement for the sins of mankind. White– the color of holiness and purity, detachment from the worldly, striving for spiritual simplicity and sublimity. The depth of the symbolism corresponds to the ideological concept of the Kazan Cathedral as a military temple of Orthodox Moscow - the “shield and sword” of all Russia and the entire Christian world.
In the Apocalypse, the battle of the Heavenly Army with the Antichrist and the victory over the devil precede the description of the Heavenly Jerusalem. The composition of Red Square, from the entrance through the Resurrection Gate with the Iveron Goalkeeper, opened with the Kazan Cathedral and unfolded towards the Execution Place - the Moscow image of Golgotha, a symbol of the victory of Christ and ended with the image of the City of God - the Church of the Intercession on the Moat. The Russian Orthodox army fought with the enemies of Russia under the protection of the Mother of God and, with Her help, prepared to fight the Antichrist, and the Impostor False Dmitry was perceived in Russian religious consciousness as one of his predecessors. Renouncing your real name, given at baptism, meant renouncing your personality and replacing it with a “mask.” The Antichrist, falsely posing as the Messiah, will be the last Impostor on earth, and the hope for salvation was pinned on the Kazan Icon, which saved Russia from False Dmitry Orthodox Russia and all Christians from the false king of the world last times.
Twice a year, on July 8 and October 22, a ceremonial ceremony was held from the Kremlin to the Kazan Cathedral religious procession with the participation of the king. With the blessing of the patriarch, part of the clergy, separating from the main procession at the Execution Place, walked “through the cities” - along the fortress walls of Kitay-Gorod, Bely and Zemlyanoy, sprinkling them with holy water.
In the middle of the 17th century, Archpriest Ivan Neronov and then Avvakum, “zealots of piety” who did not accept church reform Patriarch Nikon, which marked the beginning of the split in Russian Orthodox Church on Nikonians and Old Believers. Nikon sent his first letter here demanding to replace the double finger sign of the cross on three-fingered and kneeling on bow from the waist. From here Ivan Neronov and Avvakum were sent to prison.
In the time of Peter the Great, by order of the Tsar, the Kazan Icon was taken to the new capital of St. Petersburg, where the Kazan Cathedral was later built for it on Nevsky Prospekt.
In the building of the Zemsky Prikaz, which once stood directly opposite the Kazan Cathedral, on the site of the current Historical Museum, on April 26, 1755, the grand opening of Moscow University and two gymnasiums took place. Since the university did not yet have its own house church, the festive prayer service was held in the Kazan Cathedral, and at first students and teachers went to services in this temple. And although the university began searching for its own church immediately, the very first pages of its history turned out to be connected specifically with the Kazan Cathedral. By a mystical coincidence, the first rector of the Tatian Church of Moscow State University, re-opened in 1995, Rev. Maxim Kozlov was the priest of the Kazan Cathedral, which had been restored shortly before, and the first prayers for the return of Moscow University to its home church on Mokhovaya were also held again in the Kazan Cathedral.
Here, until 1812, popular prints were sold, and just before Napoleon’s accession, caricatures of the French and their emperor, drawn by artists Terebenev and Yakovlev. All of Moscow was going to relax here, looking at them. The famous anti-Napoleonic, or as they were also called “Rostopchin” posters, written by the Moscow mayor F.F. Rostopchin, who lived in a house on Lubyanka, rebuilt from ... the chambers of Prince Pozharsky, were also distributed here.
In the menacing days of the autumn of 1812, a prayer service for the salvation of the Fatherland was served in front of the Kazan Icon, which was attended by M.I. Kutuzov.
It turned out to be easier for Russia to cope with foreign barbarians than with its own. After the revolution, the cathedral shared the sad fate of most Moscow shrines, which interfered with the implementation of the world revolution. True, in the 20s, the martyr and devotee of Russian culture, architect P.D. Baranovsky, managed to restore its original appearance of the 17th century and take priceless drawings and measurements. Then he was imprisoned for refusing to participate in the demolition of the Church of the Intercession on the Moat. The Kazan Cathedral was closed and first turned into a canteen and warehouse, and in the summer of 1936 it was demolished, thus celebrating its three hundredth anniversary.
A year later, a temporary pavilion of the Third International appeared in its place, built according to the design of Boris Iofan (the architect of the failed Palace of the Soviets). Later, a summer cafe was opened here, and on the site of the altar, a public restroom, called a dog, was built.
By decision of the Moscow government, the Kazan Cathedral on Red Square was restored according to the design of Baranovsky’s student Oleg Zhurin.
November 4, 1990 His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II laid the foundation stone of the cathedral, and three years later he consecrated the newly erected temple.
In 1610, False Dmitry II encamped with the commander Sapega in the village of Kolomenskoye. In memory of the deliverance of Moscow from the Poles and from the Tushinsky Thief, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich ordered the foundation of a five-domed temple here in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, who provided assistance to the Russian army. The temple was consecrated only under Alexei Mikhailovich. And under the cross of the church an inscription appeared that it was built in honor of the centenary of the capture of the Kazan Khanate in 1552.
In the Dmitrovsky chapel of the Kazan Church there is a list with miraculous Sovereign Icon of the Mother of God, revealed in Kolomenskoye in 1917.
The Kazan Cathedral of the Icon of the Mother of God is part of the Kremlin architectural ensemble capitals. The temple building is relatively small, but its architectural and historical significance huge in the Orthodox world. The appearance of the cathedral is inextricably linked with the name of the national hero Dmitry Pozharsky and the liberation of the city from Polish-Lithuanian troops.
The history of the famous Kazan Icon of the Mother of God
The icon of the Kazan Mother of God is revered more than others in Orthodoxy. Not only the original image, but also its copies have a miraculous effect. There are many copies of the shrine distributed throughout the world, and all of them are held in special esteem by Christians.
The appearance of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God is associated with interesting story which occurred in the 16th century, which can be called a miracle. In 1579, a terrible fire occurred in Kazan, which destroyed all the wooden buildings of the city. That same night, the Mother of God appeared in a dream to the ten-year-old daughter of a local merchant, Matrona. She asked the girl to go to the ashes and find her icon there. At the same time, the Mother of God indicated the exact place where the image is located. In the morning Matrona told her parents about the vision. They consulted with priest Ermolai and decided to check the veracity of the children's words. And, in fact, under the burnt brands, the icon of the Mother of God seemed to be waiting to be found. The image was wrapped in cherry cloth and was completely untouched by fire. The image of the Virgin Mary on the cypress board looked like new.
Christians noticed the miraculous power of the icon already in the first days. Blind people who fell before the image began to see, and deaf people began to hear. Migraine patients were relieved of terrible pain.
After the healings that occurred, the city’s clergy decided to make several lists. The first was sent to Tsar Ivan the Terrible. The remaining lists were donated to churches located in different cities of Rus'. The icon was kept in parishes and was revered more than other images. Many cathedrals and monasteries were built in her honor.
History of the Moscow Cathedral
The first Kazan Church in Moscow was intended to store the miraculous icon. Funds for its construction were donated by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. Miraculous power The icons helped liberate captured Moscow and defeat the Polish-Lithuanian invaders. Before the construction of the cathedral, the shrine was located in the church on Lubyanka. The icon was moved to a wooden parish near Red Square in 1625. After 9 years, the temple was completely destroyed by fire, but the image was saved.
Construction of the temple
Bookmark new stone temple occurred in 1636. The money was allocated from the state treasury by order of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. The tented bell tower was added to the north-west side of the main building. The consecration of the temple was carried out in the presence of the sovereign by the main patriarch of Moscow, Joseph I, which is why the church immediately received a high status.
Eleven years later, the Kazan Cathedral was expanded by adding a side chapel. Its consecration in 1647 took place in the presence of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The chapel was consecrated in memory of the wonderworkers of Kazan Guria and Varsanuphia.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries. The cathedral building underwent repeated reconstruction. Princess M.A. Dolgorukova made donations to the needs of the church in the late 1760s. With this money, the building was repaired, the dilapidated chapel of Guria and Barsanuphius was dismantled. Shops for city trade were built along the perimeter of the building. Candles, apples and baked goods were sold there.
Activities in the 19th century
IN early XIX V. it came to the bell tower. In 1802, the old building was dismantled. Three years later, a new bell tower with two tiers was erected in another place.
During the war with Napoleon, difficult times came for the Kazan Cathedral. Before the arrival of the French, Archpriest Moshkov managed to take out and hide the icon of the Kazan Mother of God. When enemy troops captured the capital, all the temples were desecrated and looted. The Cathedral of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was no exception. The French threw the throne out of the building and put a dead horse in its place.
The temple underwent another alteration sixty years later. A third tier appeared on the bell tower. The façade of the cathedral was decorated in the classical style of churches of that time. The clergy of the temple were dissatisfied with the new appearance, believing that the building began to look like an ordinary rural church.
After the revolution, life in the Kazan Cathedral changed. Divine services continued for some time, then they were banned. In the fall of 1980, they stole from the temple main shrine- an icon of the Mother of God.
In 1920, an initiator was found who decided to return the façade to its original appearance. This was the famous restorer P. D. Baranovsky. In 1929, the walls of the cathedral were transformed, and the keel-shaped kokoshniks were restored. The reconstruction of the building was not destined to be completed, since Soviet authorities decided to demolish it. The cathedral interfered with the holding of special events on Red Square. Baranovsky urgently made the necessary measurements of the building and recorded them on paper. Subsequently, these drawings helped to recreate an exact copy of the temple.
In the early 30s. The Kazan Cathedral was closed and a canteen was set up there. After some time, the building was given to the Metropolitan. Marble began to be stored in the church building for finishing the subway. In 1936, a global redevelopment of Manezhnaya Square took place, and the temple was completely demolished. A pavilion was built on this site, and then a summer cafe with a fountain in the center was opened. The final highlight was the construction of a public toilet.
Restoration of the temple
For centuries, the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God has been one of the favorites in Rus' in general and especially in the capital city of Moscow - after all, it was the miracle of the Kazan Icon that was associated with the liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders in 1612.
Where to venerate the Kazan Icon in Moscow?
Kazan Icon of the Mother of God
In Moscow today there are many revered and miraculous lists of Kazan. On the holiday we will walk through the center of the capital. And we’ll start our walk from Red Square - that’s where the cathedral in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God is located, built in 1636 and destroyed three hundred years later. Only in 1993 the church was restored. In the cathedral there is a revered image of the Mother of God “Kazan”.
Cathedral of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God on Red Square
From Red Square through Manezhnaya, along Mokhovaya Street, and from there along Volkhonka Street we will slowly reach the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. In the lower Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord there is a simple new job Icon of the Mother of God “Kazan” – she is greatly revered by parishioners.
Transfiguration Church of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior
Let's cross Soimonovsky Proezd and walk to the Church of the Prophet Elijah in Obydensky Lane - here, among the many shrines of the temple, there is the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God (as well as other revered icons: Vladimir, Feodorovskaya and most famous shrine temple - the miraculous image “Unexpected Joy”).
Temple of the Prophet Elijah in Obydensky Lane
Let's go out onto the Boulevard Ring - we'll go to the end of Gogolevsky Boulevard, turn into Maly Afanasyevsky Lane, and from there into Filippovsky Lane. In the Church of the Resurrection of the Word (Jerusalem Compound), in the iconostasis of the left side chapel of the Holy Apostle Philip, there is the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God.
Church of the Resurrection of the Word in Filippovsky Lane (Jerusalem Compound)
Let's get to the Arbatskaya metro station, go to the Baumanskaya metro station and walk to the Yelokhovsky Cathedral. The main Moscow temple of the Soviet period is a treasury of many shrines. Among them is the miraculous Kazan Icon of the Mother of God.
Elokhovsky Epiphany Cathedral
Not far away, between the Kurskaya and Taganskaya metro stations, on Lyshchikov Lane, there is the Church of the Intercession Holy Mother of God on Lyshchikova Mountain. It contains many shrines - including the revered images of the Intercession, Tikhvin and Kazan (also in the temple are the relics of the holy confessor Roman (the Bear), glorified among the new martyrs and confessors of Russia).
Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God on Lyshchikova Mountain
Let’s take the metro again, drive along the “ring” and get off at the Novoslobodskaya metro station. Two hundred meters from the metro station, on Novovorotnikovsky Lane, stands the Church of St. Pimen the Great (Life-Giving Trinity) in Novye Vorotniki. Here is the revered image of the Mother of God “Kazan”, painted on glass.
Temple of St. Pimen the Great (Life-Giving Trinity) in Novye Vorotniki
And we will return either along the ring (to Oktyabrskaya), or along the Serpukhov-Timiryazevskaya “gray” line (to Borovitskaya) and by trolleybus - to a point located very close to the place from which we began our journey. The Church of St. Nicholas on Bersenevskaya Embankment is one of the most “traditional” in Moscow. There, in addition to particles of the relics of St. Theophan the Recluse and St. righteous Simeon Verkhotursky, the revered Kazan Icon of the Mother of God also remains.
Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on Bersenevskaya Embankment
Created date: XVII century Description:Story
The Cathedral of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was erected in memory of the liberation of the Russian state from the Polish-Lithuanian invaders, which took place with the help and intercession of the Mother of God, who showed Her mercy through the miraculous Kazan Icon. The temple was built at the expense of the first king of the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Feodorovich, and consecrated in 1636. Since its construction, the temple has become one of the most important Moscow churches, its rector occupied one of the first places in the Moscow clergy.
Throughout its history, the cathedral was rebuilt several times - in the 1760s, 1802-05, 1865.
In the 1920s Renovationists served in the cathedral for some time. In 1925-1933. The restoration of the cathedral was carried out under the leadership of the architect P.D. Baranovsky. In 1928, the cathedral's bell tower was demolished. In 1930, the Kazan Cathedral was closed, and in 1936 it was demolished.
The cathedral was restored in 1990-1993. financed by the Moscow City Hall and donations from citizens. The Kazan Cathedral is the first of the Moscow churches completely lost during Soviet times, which was recreated in its original forms. It became possible to recreate the historical appearance of the temple thanks to measurements made by the architect P.D. Baranovsky before the destruction of the temple, and the research of historian S.A. Smirnova. On November 4, 1993, the temple was consecrated.
The icon of the Kazan Mother of God is one of the most revered in Rus'. Therefore, it was built in her honor huge amount temples and cathedrals. In our article you will learn about the main ones.
Sometimes a person is saved in life only by his strong faith. Many have changed their lives through prayer. But you need to pray not only at home, but also in church, because in some there are miraculous icons. On the eve of the day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God on July 21, we have prepared for you an article about the most famous churches where you can ask for protection and support from this miraculous image.
Moscow: Kazan Cathedral
The full name of this temple is the Cathedral of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. It is located on Red Square, opposite the mint. It was built under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov and was one of the first to be destroyed during the Revolution.
The miraculous copy of the icon contained in it was transferred in 1930 to the Epiphany Cathedral (Elohovo). The reliquary remains in the Moscow Kazan Cathedral itself. There are suggestions that the first, still wooden, church in honor of the Kazan Mother of God icon was built on Nikolskaya Street back in the 16th century. The initiator was none other than Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, who allocated funds for construction.
Many historians have doubts about this theory. But it is reliably known that it was the list of the Kazan Mother of God that was brought to help the militia of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky to fight the Polish-Lithuanian invaders.
St. Petersburg: Kazan Cathedral
Initially, the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built on Nevsky Prospect. By the time of the reign of Paul I, it had become dilapidated. A competition was announced for a new project for this church. As a result, recognizable columns and modern look. This cathedral was initially perceived as a symbol of victories in the war with Napoleon. During Soviet times, the cathedral became a museum of the history of religion and atheism.
Today the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg is active temple. To this day one of the most noticeable parts of it interior decoration- silver-plated iconostasis. At one time, there was an Icon of the Ascension of Christ with a piece of the Holy Sepulcher and an icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. It is to him that people often pray for help in order to get rid of illnesses and fulfill desires.
Kazan: Kazan Bogoroditsky Monastery
It is with this city and place that the very story of the discovery of the icon of the Kazan Mother of God is connected. According to legend, the Mother of God appeared to a girl named Matrona in a dream and pointed to the place where the icon was located. This happened after a severe fire, and the icon itself was found under ash and earth at a depth of about a meter. The convent of the Mother of God was built on this site, in which the girl Matrona, who grew up, became the first nun.
The icon was and remains very revered, but the original itself is considered lost. The investigation into the case of her abduction confirmed that she was burned by an attacker. It was stolen along with the image of the savior in order to sell the precious frames. Nevertheless, by this time many copies had been made of the Kazan icon of the Mother of God. Since the icon is miraculous, miracles also happen next to its copies.
During Soviet times, this monastery, like many, was closed. The ensemble that included this monastery was destroyed in 1931. On at the moment Some of the buildings have already been restored, but not the Bogoroditsky Monastery itself. Excavations are currently underway at its site.
There are two days on which the day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God is celebrated: July 21 And November 4. These days it is especially good to visit any of these temples, since solemn services are held there.
On the eve of finding great icon The spirit of every believer becomes stronger, which means that we will all be heard by God sooner. At this time, it is especially good to pray for financial well-being. We wish you good luck, and don't forget to press the buttons and
17.07.2016 05:10
The Kazan Icon of the Mother of God is one of the most powerful Orthodox culture. It's connected...
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