Augustine, Blessed Aurelius (354-430) - Christian theologian and mystical philosopher. His worldview is subject to the principle “Without faith there is no knowledge, no truth.” Augustine contrasted the “Earthly city” (i.e., the sinful secular state) “city of God” (worldwide dominion of the Church).
Agnosticism is a doctrine that denies, in whole or in part, the possibility of knowing the world.
Akosmism - philosophical and religious doctrine about the insignificance of the earthly world; most characteristic of Indian philosophy (Vedanta), but also common in Christianity.
Actuality theory (actualism) is a doctrine coming from Heraclitus about the impossibility of unchanging existence. All existence is eternal becoming, living movement.
Anthropocentrism is the view that man is the center of the Universe and final goal all the events taking place in the world.
Aristotle, Stagirite (384/383—322/321 BC) - greatest philosopher Ancient Greece, founder of scientific philosophy. Aristotle's works covered all areas of knowledge of that time. He viewed nature in the form of successive transitions from “matter” (passive principle) to “form” (active principle) and vice versa. The source of all movement, according to Aristotle, is God - the “immovable prime mover.”
Atheism is a system of views that denies belief in the supernatural, belief in God.
Berdyaev, Nikolai Alexandrovich (1874-1948) - Russian religious philosopher. He defended the ideas of existentialism, taught about the primacy of freedom over being; about the revelation of being through (godlike) man, about the rational course of history.
Biologism is a worldview according to which the root causes of material reality and spiritual existence must be sought in organic life. Biologism derives the norms of human cognition and behavior from biological needs and laws.
Bruno, Giordano (1548-1600) - Italian philosopher who identified God with nature, thereby asserting the infinity of nature itself (the theory of the innumerability of inhabited worlds). Bruno assumed the existence of the World Soul, which is found in all 6c) things, being their driving principle.
Bacon, Francis (1561-1626) - English philosopher who considered the most important tasks of science to be the conquest of nature and the expedient transformation of culture based on knowledge of nature. The only reliable source of knowledge, according to Bacon, is experience:
Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich (1863-1945) - Russian naturalist and thinker. The creator of a new approach to the concepts of “biosphere” (sphere of life) and “noosphere” (sphere of mind). The biosphere - the earth's shell, covered by biological life, with the advent of Homo sapiens, is gradually transformed into the noosphere, which tends to continuously expand.
Voltaire, real name François Marie Arouet (1694-1778), was a French writer and philosopher of the Enlightenment who spoke of the identification of God and nature. The basis of his “philosophy of history” is the idea of the progressive development of society, regardless of the will of an abstract “deity”. He highly appreciated the role of culture in human society.
Voluntarism is one of the areas of philosophy that considers will as the basic principle of the Universe. Representatives are Schopenhauer and Nietzsche.
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831) - German philosopher. Created a systematic theory of dialectics. Its central concept - development - is a characteristic of the activity of the Absolute (World Spirit). The real world, according to Hegel, is a manifestation of an idea, concept, spirit.
Geocentrism is a worldview according to which the Earth is the center of the Universe (for example, the medieval Christian worldview).
Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 544-483 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher. He taught that the world was not created by any of the gods or by any of the people, but always was, is and will be an eternally living fire. This primordial fire is pure reason, the logos, from which everything that exists came into being.
Hylozoism is a philosophical doctrine that puts forward the universal animation of matter as its main principle.
Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that studies the relationship between object and subject in the process cognitive activity, the relationship of knowledge to reality, the possibility of human knowledge of the world.
Gnosticism - philosophical movement, recognizing the unknowable spiritual principle (the World Soul, Sophia), opposing matter - the “source of evil.” The first Gnostics were Valentine from Egypt (II century) and Basil from Syria (I century).
Taoism is a religious and philosophical school that arose in China in the 6th - 5th centuries. BC e. Its founder is considered to be Lao Tzu. The main goal of followers of the "tao" ("way") is to achieve unity with nature and, ultimately, achieve immortality.
Deism is a religious and philosophical doctrine that arose during the Enlightenment. It asserts that although God exists in the world as its first cause, after the creation of the world, the movement of the Universe takes place without His participation.
Descartes, René (1596-1650) - French philosopher and mathematician. Founder of modern rationalism. His philosophy is based on the dualism of soul and body, the identification of matter and space. Tried to prove the existence of God and the reality of the outside world.
Democritus (c. 460 - c. 371 BC) - ancient Greek philosopher, founder of atomism. He argued that everything that happens is the movement of atoms, thanks to which it arises.
Determinism is the doctrine of a universal, natural connection, causality of all phenomena.
Dialectics is a theory and method of understanding the phenomena of reality in their development and self-motion, the science of the most general laws of development of nature, society and thinking.
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784) - French writer and philosopher. He outlined a materialistic theory of mental functions, according to which both people and animals are instruments endowed with the ability to sense and have memory.
Dynamism is a view of the world and nature in which all reality appears as a play of forces or movements (or it arises from them).
Dualism is the coexistence of two different states, principles, ways of thinking, worldviews, and goals that cannot be reduced to unity.
Idealism is a philosophical direction based on the primacy of the spiritual and the secondary nature of the material. There are two forms of idealism: objective (the basis of reality is a certain super-individual consciousness) and subjective (knowledge about the world is reduced to the content of individual consciousness).
Illusionism is a philosophical movement that asserts that everything true, beautiful and moral is an illusion, appearance, deception.
Immanent philosophy is a subjective-idealistic philosophical movement that emerged at the end of the 19th century. Main theses: “only what is thought exists”, the object is inextricably linked with the subject. Its representatives introduced the concept of “generic consciousness,” which exists independently of the human brain. Representatives: Schuppe, Leclerc.
Intentionalism is the doctrine that every action can be assessed only from the point of view of the subject performing it. Affirms the orientation of consciousness, will, and feelings towards a specific object.
Intuitionism is an idealistic philosophical doctrine of intuition as the most important and most reliable source of knowledge.
Irrationalism is a philosophical doctrine that asserts that intuition, feeling, and instinct are the main types of cognition, since the cognitive capabilities of the mind are severely limited. Reality is considered chaotic, devoid of patterns, subject to the game of chance.
Historicism is the principle of knowledge of things and phenomena in their development in connection with specific historical conditions. The irreversible and successive nature of changes in things is recognized.
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) - German philosopher, founder of classical idealism. He argued that the nature of things, as they exist in themselves (“things in themselves”), is fundamentally inaccessible to human knowledge; it is possible only in relation to “appearances,” that is, the ways in which things appear in our experience.
Cartesianism is the philosophy of the followers of Descartes. The starting point is the self-certainty of consciousness (“I think, therefore I exist”), as well as the dualism of body and soul. The rationalistic mathematical method was used in the proof.
Conventionalism is a philosophical school that emphasizes that scientific systems, concepts, definitions, axioms, etc. are not a reflection of the objective world, but a product of agreement between scientists and are determined by the requirements of convenience and simplicity.
Conditionism is a theory of knowledge in which the concept of cause, due to the fact that it is too anthropomorphic and unscientific, is replaced by the concept of a set of conditions. The founder of the doctrine is the German physiologist M. Verworn.
Confucius (552-479 BC) - Chinese philosopher, founder of Confucianism, which is a moral philosophy clothed in religious form. His teachings are based on five simple and simple virtues: wisdom, humanity, loyalty, reverence and courage.
Criticism was originally the name of the philosophy of Kant, who considered its main goal to be criticism of human cognitive ability. This concept also denotes teachings that limit human knowledge and recognize only experience as its source.
Kierkegaard, Soren (1813-1855) - Danish philosopher, predecessor of existentialism. In his opinion, true philosophy must be deeply personal, mystical in nature, therefore he rejects the scientific way of philosophizing. The most important category Kierkegaard's teachings are the category of “paradox”. He rejected any attempt to unite the divine world and the human world.
Lao Tzu (Chinese - “old teacher”) (604 BC - ?) is the honorary name of the Chinese philosopher Li Er, the founder of Taoism. He taught that a person should follow the naturalness of things, abandon “philosophizing.” The basis of Lao Tzu’s teaching was the super-earthly “Tao”, the root cause of all existence.
Lokayata is an ancient Indian system of materialism that explains the world by the interaction of four elements: earth, water, fire and air; sometimes a fifth element was added - ether. All properties of objects depend on the combination of which atoms they are. Lokayata recognizes sensation as the only reliable source of knowledge.
Locke, John (1632-1704) - English philosopher who developed the theory of empirical knowledge. He argued that all human knowledge stems from experience and rejected the existence of innate ideas. He developed the doctrine of primary and secondary qualities and the theory of the formation of general ideas (abstractions). Locke believed that only human reason, and not church dogma, can judge the possibility of divine revelation.
Marxism - philosophical, economic and political doctrine, created by K. Marx and F. Engels. Marxism views society as an organism in the structure of which productive forces determine production relations and forms of ownership that determine all spheres of social life. The driving force of history is considered to be the struggle between the ruling and oppressed classes, the highest manifestation of which is social revolution.
Materialism is a philosophical movement that asserts the primacy of the material and the secondary nature of the spiritual. Considering consciousness to be a product of matter, materialism considers it as a reflection of the external world, thereby proving the knowability of nature.
Metaphysics - 1. Philosophical doctrine of supersensible (inaccessible to experience) principles of existence. In this sense, metaphysics is the main philosophical science. 2. A way of thinking that considers things and phenomena as unchanging and independent of each other.
Mysticism is a religious-idealistic view of things, the basis of which is belief in supernatural forces. Mystics consider the highest form of knowledge to be a certain mystical intuition, “spiritual experience”, in which the division into subject and object disappears and the reality of God, the spiritual fundamental principle of the world, is revealed.
Monism is a philosophical doctrine that takes one principle (matter, spirit, etc.) as the basis of everything that exists.
Monopsychism is the doctrine that individual souls are born and die not on their own, but only under external influence, as a result of conditioned material and physical transformations of a single mental substance.
Montaigne, Michel (1533-1592) - French philosopher who argued that man has the right to doubt. He rejected the religious doctrine of the immortality of the soul, understanding consciousness as a specific property of matter.
Naitivism is the doctrine of the mystical-religious nature of knowledge: the truth is revealed not after rational and logical reflection, but suddenly, without preparation, through instant insight, or with the help of a thought suggested to a person from above, in the form of divine revelation.
Nativism is a doctrine that asserts a person’s innate ability to develop certain ideas.
Naturalism is a philosophical and ideological direction that considers nature as a universal principle for explaining all things, and the concept of “nature” also includes the spirit and spiritual creations.
Natural philosophy is a set of philosophical attempts to interpret and explain nature (either directly, from personal experience man's shaking of nature, or with the help of basic knowledge from the field of natural sciences).
Neo-Hegelianism is a heterogeneous philosophical movement that emerged in the second half of the 19th century. Neo-Hegelians are characterized by a rejection of dialectics or transferring it only to the realm of consciousness, an irrationalistic interpretation of Hegel in the spirit of the philosophy of life. Representatives: Bradley, Ilyin, etc.
Neo-Kantianism is an idealistic movement that emerged in the second half of the 19th century. in Germany. Neo-Kantianism reproduces and develops the idealistic and metaphysical elements of Kant's philosophy. Representatives: Libman, Vvedensky, etc.
Neoplatonism is a form of Greek philosophy, varieties of which existed from the mid-3rd century. until the middle of the 6th century. It arose as a result of mixing the teachings of Plato, Aristotle, as well as Stoic, Pythagorean and other teachings (with the exception of Epicureanism) with Eastern and Christian mysticism and religion. Fundamentals of the teaching: mystical-intuitive knowledge of the highest, the existence of a number of steps in the transition from the highest, from the “single and universal” to matter; liberation of a materially burdened person and his transition to pure spirituality.
Neopositivism is a philosophical doctrine, a modern form of positivism. Believes that knowledge about reality is given only in everyday or concrete scientific thinking, and philosophy is possible only as an activity in the analysis of language. Neopositivism limits knowledge to direct experience. Representatives: Stebbing, Reichenbach, Nagel, Mer.
Neorealism is a movement in Anglo-American philosophy of the 20th century. It is based on the idea of “immanence of the independent”. Neorealists believe that a cognizable thing can be directly in consciousness, but at the same time its existence and nature do not depend on cognition. Representatives: Moore, Russell, Broad, Perry.
Neoscholasticism is a further development of scholasticism after the Reformation. This development manifested itself in Protestant and Catholic neo-scholasticism. Since the 19th century The revival of scholasticism begins, which unites various schools of Catholic philosophy (Thomism, Platonic-Augustian, Franciscan schools, etc.).
Neo-Thomism - official philosophical doctrine Catholic Church, based on the teachings of Thomas Aquinas. The basis of neo-Thomist teaching is the scholastic principle: “Philosophy is the handmaiden of theology.” Neo-Thomists recognize “pure being,” understood as the divine principle, as the highest reality. The material world is declared secondary, derivative. A large place in neo-Thomism is occupied by the religious interpretation of modern natural science theories.
Neo-Freudianism - representatives of the schools of “cultural psychoanalysis” (Horney, Kardiner, Alexander) kept the main line of S. Freud intact, abandoning only the tendency to see sexual overtones in all phenomena of human life.
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844-1900) - German no-luntarist philosopher. He considered the universal driving force of development to be the “struggle for existence,” which develops into the “will to power.” He sought to substantiate the basic qualities of the “superman”, called upon to destroy everything false and hostile to life. He fought against Christianity and bourgeois morality.
Nominalism is a direction in medieval philosophy, which considered general concepts only the names of individual objects. Nominalists argued that only individual caves with their individual qualities really exist.
Objectivism is a direction in epistemology that attributes to knowledge the comprehension of only real objects and objective goals.
Ontology - 1. Ontology is understood as the doctrine of being as such, regardless of its particular types. In this sense, ontology is equivalent to metaphysics or part of metaphysics. 2. In the 20th century. - This is a system of universal concepts of existence, comprehended with the help of supersensible and superrational intuition.
Panentheism is a doctrine according to which the Universe rests in God, and the world is a way of manifestation of God. Synthesis of pantheism and theism.
Panlogism is the doctrine of the identity of being and thinking, according to which the entire development of nature and society is the implementation of the logical activity of the world mind, the absolute idea.
Panpsychism is an idealistic view according to which nature was considered to be animate. Representatives: Whitehead, Strong.
Pantheism is a philosophical doctrine according to which God is an impersonal principle, not located outside of nature, but identical to it.
Psychophysical parallelism is a theory that considers the mental and physiological as independent, independent of each other, parallel cause-and-effect series. Representatives: Wundt, Lipps, Ribot, etc.
Personalism is a philosophical movement that appeared at the end of the 19th century. He recognizes “personality” as the highest spiritual value and primary reality, which is understood as the spiritual primary element of existence.
Perfectionism is the doctrine of the ability of man and all humanity to improve.
Plato (427-347 BC) - ancient Greek philosopher, founder of objective idealism. To explain being, he developed a theory about the existence of incorporeal forms of things, i.e., “ideas,” which he identified with being. At the center of Plato’s cosmology is the doctrine of the “World Soul”. The only true knowledge is memories immortal soul person about the world of “ideas”. About sensory things and phenomena, only a probable “opinion” is possible.
Platonism - 1. Development of Plato's teachings by philosophers who were directly or indirectly his students. 2. Incorporation of Platonic philosophy, especially the theory of ideas, into other philosophical systems.
Pluralism - philosophical point view, according to which reality consists of many independent entities that cannot be reduced to a single principle.
Positivism is a philosophical trend that considers specific sciences to be the only source of true real knowledge and denies the cognitive value of philosophical research.
Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that determines the meaning of truth by its practical usefulness.
Psychologism is the view that the individual and collective psyche are the basis of philosophy.
Rationalism is a philosophical trend that believes that scientific (i.e., objective, universal) knowledge is achievable only through reason, which is both the source of knowledge and the criterion of its truth. The founders of modern rationalism: R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, G. Leibniz and others.
Relativism is an idealistic doctrine of relativity, convention and subjectivity of human cognition. Relativism states that any knowledge does not have an absolutely accurate reflection of the objective world.
Relationalism is an epistemological view according to which only knowledge of the relationships between things and concepts is possible.
Rozanov, Vasily Vasilyevich (1856-1919) - Russian religious philosopher and writer. He criticized Christianity for the sake of a “living” religion. He believed that the spiritual revival of Russia should take place on the basis of a correctly understood new Christianity, which is based on the concept of family.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-1778) - French writer and philosopher. Along with the existence of God, he also recognized the existence of an immortal soul. Rousseau viewed matter and spirit as two eternally existing principles. In the theory of knowledge, he adhered to sensationalism, although he recognized the innateness of moral ideas.
Sensualism is a philosophical trend that derives knowledge from sensory sensations, depicting all phenomena of spiritual life as more or less connected complexes of sensations.
Singularism is a philosophical trend that derives the features of the world, all its diversity, from one single principle (see Monism).
Skepticism - philosophical concept, questioning the possibility of knowing objective reality.
Socrates (469-399 BC) is an ancient Greek philosopher who believed that the structure of the world and the physical nature of things are unknowable; we can only know ourselves. The highest task of knowledge is not theoretical, but practical - the art of living.
Solipsism - philosophical theory, according to which only man and his consciousness exist, and the objective world is located only in the consciousness of the individual.
Solovyov, Vladimir Sergeevich (1853-1900) - Russian philosophical idealist. Central to his teaching is the idea of “all-one existence.” The latter is considered by Solovyov as the sphere of the absolute, divine, and real world as its self-determination and embodiment (the World Soul acts as an intermediary between them). Solovyov deduces the unity of theology, philosophy and science and calls it “free theosophy”.
Spinoza, Benedict (1632-1677) - Dutch philosopher who considered the goal of knowledge to be the conquest of nature and the improvement of man. He taught that only nature exists, which is the cause of itself, and does not need anything else for its existence. He reduced his entire mental life to reason and passions.
Spiritualism is an idealistic doctrine about the spiritual fundamental principle of the world. Recognizes the existence of the soul independent of the body. The material world is either a way of manifestation of God and his abilities, or an illusion of human consciousness.
Stoicism is a philosophical doctrine that arose at the end of the 4th century. BC e. Main representatives: Zeno and Chrysippus. Basic postulates: we must live in accordance with nature; happiness is in freedom from passions, in peace of mind; feelings perceive reality as something singular; Science strives to know the general, but it does not exist in the world.
Supernaturalism is a philosophical trend that admits the existence of a supernatural and superintelligent reality.
Scholasticism is a medieval “school” philosophy (developed in monasteries and universities), whose representatives tried to provide a theoretical justification for the religious worldview.
Teleology is a philosophical doctrine about the expediency and purposefulness of all natural phenomena. From the point of view of teleology, not only man, but also all natural phenomena have goal-setting principles, souls of a special kind.
Theology is a set of religious doctrines about the essence and activity of God.
Theosophy is a philosophical movement whose representatives, in order to understand the divine essence, prefer direct internal human experience and mystical intuition to the authority of official religious dogmas.
Thomism is a leading school of Catholic philosophy founded by Thomas Aquinas.
Fedorov, Nikolai Fedorovich (1828-1903) - Russian religious philosopher. He proposed an original system - cosmism, which implied the recreation of all living human generations, their transformation and return to God.
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872) - German philosopher who highlighted man as the “sole, universal and highest” subject of philosophy. He considered religion as the alienation of human properties: a person, as it were, doubles and contemplates his own essence in the face of God.
Phenomenalism is a doctrine of cognition, based on the thesis: the immediate object of cognition is only sensations.
Phenomenology - founded by the German philosopher E. Husserl and his students in the second half of the 19th century. subjective-idealistic direction. Its central concept is the “intentionality” of consciousness, i.e., focus on an object. Basic principle: “there is no object without a subject.” Basic methodological requirements: abstaining from any judgments that go beyond the boundaries of subjective experience; the subject of cognition itself is not considered as real creature, but as pure consciousness.
Fideism is a worldview that affirms the primacy of faith over reason and is based on the simple belief in the truth of revelation.
Physicalism is a concept whose supporters make the truth of any scientific statement dependent on the ability to translate it into the language of physics.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814) - a German philosopher who considered the main subject of philosophy to be the activity of the impersonal universal “self-consciousness” (“I”), which is opposed to the objective world of nature and matter (“not-I”).
Florensky, Pavel Aleksandrovich (1882-1937) - Russian religious philosopher who tried to combine scientific truths with religious faith. He believed that the primary way to “grasp” truth can only be revelation.
Thomas Aquinas (1225/26-1274) - the first religious scholastic philosopher. Tied up Christian doctrine with the philosophy of Aristotle. He considered the entire Universe as a universal hierarchical order within existence, established by God.
Freudianism is the name of the theory and method of psychoanalysis. Its founder, Sigmund Freud, viewed the psyche as something independent, existing parallel to material processes and controlled by special, unknowable, eternal mental forces that lie beyond consciousness (the unconscious). All human actions historical events Freud interprets it as a manifestation of unconscious, primarily sexual, drives.
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich (1857-1935) - Russian scientist, author of “cosmic philosophy”. He believed that all forms and levels of matter are animated, and at the core there is an “atom” - an immortal elementary being.
Chaadaev, Pyotr Yakovlevich (1794-1856) - an outstanding representative of Russian religious philosophy. Argued that the true guiding and unifying principle human history is Providence, or the Supreme Mind, which controls the course of events and influences the human mind. He believed that the Russian people were constantly repeating the past of European history. In order to become equal to other nations, we must, according to Chaadaev, get closer to the West and take advantage of the fruits of its centuries-old civilization.
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860) - German philosopher who argued that the essence of the world is will, which lies outside of time and space. Salvation from suffering lies in absolute serenity (nirvana), which destroys the will to live.
Existentialism, the philosophy of existence, is a philosophical movement that emerged in the 20th century. Origins: philosophy of life, phenomenology of Husserl, teachings of Kierkegaard. According to existentialists, being is comprehended not through rational thinking, but through the direct experience of one’s own existence, i.e. existence. There are religious existentialism (Jaspers, Berdyaev) and atheistic (Heidegger, Sartre).
Empiricism is a doctrine that considers sensory experience to be the only source of knowledge. Idealistic empiricism (Berkeley, Mach) limits experience to the totality of sensations. Materialistic empiricism (Bacon, Hobbes) considers the objectively existing world to be the main source of sensory experience.
Empirio-criticism (Machism) is a movement founded by Avenarius and Mach. Empirio-criticism puts forward the idea of the world as a collection of “neutral elements” or sensations. The understanding of experience is cleared of the concept of matter.
Energeticism is a philosophical concept that emerged at the end of the 19th century. All natural phenomena are reduced to modifications of energy, including spirit and matter.
Epicurus (342/41—271/70) was an ancient Greek philosopher who denied the intervention of the gods in earthly affairs. He believed that the number of worlds is infinite and varied and is the result of the collision and separation of atoms. Knowledge of nature frees people from all fears, which is necessary for human happiness, the essence of which is pleasure (primarily spiritual). Epicurus's motto: “Live in solitude!”
SUBJECT OF PHILOSOPHY
1.C Greek language the word "philosophy" is translated as:
love of wisdom
2. For the first time he used the word “philosophy” and called himself a “philosopher”:
3. Determine the time of emergence of philosophy:
VII-VI centuries. BC.
4. The fundamentals of being, problems of knowledge, the purpose of man and his position in the world are studied by:
philosophy
5. Worldview form public consciousness, rationally justifying the ultimate foundations of existence, including society and law:
philosophy
6. The worldview function of philosophy is that:
philosophy helps a person understand himself, his place in the world
7. Worldview is:
a set of views, assessments, emotions that characterize a person’s attitude to the world and to himself
8. What is the meaning of G. Hegel’s statement that “philosophy is an epoch grasped by thought”?
The course of history depends on the direction of thinking of philosophers
9. The defining feature of a religious worldview is:
belief in supernatural, otherworldly forces that have the ability to influence the course of events in the world
11.What is characteristic of the epistemic line in philosophy?
viewing reality as constantly evolving
12. Ontology is:
the doctrine of existence, its fundamental principles
13. Epistemology is:
the doctrine of nature, the essence of knowledge
14. Anthropology is:
doctrine of man
15. Axiology is:
doctrine of values
16. Ethics is:
the doctrine of morality and moral values
17. Section of philosophy in which problems of knowledge are developed
Epistemology
18.According to Marxist philosophy, the essence of the main question of philosophy is:
relation of consciousness to matter
19. Idealism is characterized by the following statement:
consciousness is primary, matter does not exist independently of consciousness
20.Dualism is characterized by the following thesis:
matter and consciousness are two principles that exist independently of each other
21.Who owns this statement: “I claim that there are no things. We're just used to talking about things; in fact, there is only my thinking, there is only my “I” with its inherent sensations. The material world only seems to us, is it just a certain way of talking about our feelings?
To the subjective idealist
22.What historical type of worldview are we talking about here: “This is a holistic worldview, in which various ideas are linked into a single figurative picture of the world, combining reality and fantasy, the natural and the supernatural, knowledge and faith, thought and emotions”?
23. Some Christian theologians claim that the whole world. The entire Universe was created by God in six days, and God himself is a disembodied intellect, an all-perfect Personality. Which philosophical direction Is this view of the world consistent?
24. A representative would agree with the statement: “Thinking is the same product of the activity of the brain as bile is a product of the activity of the liver”:
vulgar materialism
25. Agnosticism is:
doctrine that denies the knowability of the essence of the objective world
26. Agnosticism is:
direction in the theory of knowledge, which believes that adequate knowledge of the world is impossible
27. They deny the possibility of knowing the world:
agnostics
28. The direction of Western European philosophy, which denies the cognitive value of philosophy, the presence of its own, original subject:
positivism
PHILOSOPHY OF THE ANCIENT EAST
29. The law of retribution in Indian religion and religious philosophy, which determines the nature of the new birth of reincarnation:
30.Name of the founder of Buddhism, meaning awakened, enlightened:
31.Name of the founder of Buddhism
Sidhartha
32.The central concept of Buddhism and Jainism, meaning highest state, the goal of human aspirations:
33.The concept is ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting a masculine, light and active principle:
34. The concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting the feminine, dark and passive principle:
35.The idea of a “noble husband” as an ideal person was developed by:
Confucius
36. What do the concepts of Brahman in Vedanta and apeiron in the philosophy of Anaximander mean:
Higher intelligence
37. In the philosophy of Heraclitus, the word Logos means world law, world order, to which everything that exists is subordinated. Which concept of Chinese philosophy has the same meaning:
38.What does the concept of “dharma” mean in traditional Indian philosophy:
An eternal moral law that prescribes from above for everyone a certain way of life.
39.To ancient Indian philosophical texts relate
Upanishads
40.Ancient Chinese philosophical texts include
Tao Te Ching
41.In Indian philosophy - the total sum of committed actions and their consequences, which determines the nature of the new birth
42.Chinese philosopher, founder of Taoism
43.Golden Rule morality: “What you don’t wish for yourself, don’t do to others” was first formulated:
Confucius
PHILOSOPHY OF ANCIENT GREECE
44.Chronological framework of development ancient philosophy:
VI century BC – VI century AD
45.The basic principle of ancient philosophy was:
cosmocentrism
46. The main problem solved by philosophers Milesian school:
problem from the beginning
47. Thesis belonging to the thinker Thales:
"Know Thyself"
48. Thesis belonging to the thinker Thales
"The beginning of all things is water"
49. Anaximenes took the first principle of all things
50.The statement: “Number is the essence and meaning of everything that is in the world” belongs to:
Pythagoras
51. Follower of Pythagoras, the first to draw the system of the world and place the Central Fire at the center of the universe
Parmenides
52. For the first time the concept of being was used in philosophy
Parmenides
53. Movement, any change is only an illusion of the sensory world, they argued:
54. Representatives of which philosophical school posed the problem of being, contrasted the world of feelings with the world of reason and argued that movement, any change is only an illusion of the sensory illusory world:
Eleatic
55.What do you think, the hypothetical dispute of which philosophers was depicted by A.S. Pushkin in the poem “Movement”?
Zeno and Heraclitus
56. An ancient philosopher who believed that you cannot enter the same river twice:
Heraclitus
57.Which of the ancient philosophers taught that everything develops, that the first cause of the world and its fundamental principle is fire, that you cannot enter the same river twice?
Heraclitus
58. The concept of “Logos” in the philosophical teachings of Heraclitus means:
Universal law, the action of which everything in the world is subject to
59. For the first time expressed the idea of the atomic structure of matter:
Democritus
60. The statement: “Man is the measure of all things” belongs to:
Protagoras
62.Knowledge according to Socrates is identical:
virtues
63.Essence " ethical rationalism» Socrates:
virtue is the result of knowing what is good, while lack of virtue is the result of ignorance
64.Objective-idealistic philosophy was founded by:
Plato
65. In antiquity, the merit of the discovery of the supersensible world of ideas belongs to:
66. In Plato’s philosophy, how does the idea of a “horse” differ from a real, living, real horse? Please indicate the wrong answer.
The idea is immortal, eternal, the real horse is mortal
67. In Plato’s philosophy, the idea of a “horse” differs from a real, living horse in that:
the idea is material, the real horse is ideal
68. The statement that the soul before the birth of a person was in the world of ideas, therefore in the process of cognition it is able to remember them, belongs to:
69. The source of knowledge is the soul’s recollection of the world of ideas, believed:
70. Philosopher who considered logic the main tool of knowledge:
Aristotle
71. Philosopher, student of Plato:
Aristotle
Aristotle
73.According to Aristotle, the human soul does not include
Mineral soul
74.The essence of the ethical teaching of Epicurus is that:
you need to enjoy life
75.Roman poet, follower of Epicurus, author of the poem “On the Nature of Things”
76.The statement: “It’s not what happens to us that matters, but how we relate to it” corresponds to the worldview:
77.Roman philosopher, teacher of Nero, author of “Letters to Lucillius”, representative of Stoicism
78. The philosopher who lived in a barrel considered himself a “citizen of the world” and called for poverty and ignorance
Diogenes of Sinope
MEDIEVALISM
79.A characteristic feature of medieval philosophy is:
theocentrism
80.Which of the following features is not characteristic of medieval philosophical thought?
81. Theocentrism is a worldview position based on the idea of primacy:
82. Philosophy in the Middle Ages occupied a subordinate position in relation to:
theology
83. The set of religious doctrines and teachings about the essence and action of God:
theology
84.Works of early Christian literature not included in the biblical canon, i.e. recognized by the official church as “false”
Apocrypha
85.Eschatology is
The doctrine of the ultimate destinies of the world and man
86. Savior, deliverer from troubles, anointed of God
SUBJECT OF PHILOSOPHY
From Greek the word “philosophy” is translated as:
love of truth
love of wisdom
teaching about peace
divine wisdom
For the first time he used the word “philosophy” and called himself a “philosopher”:
Aristotle
Determine the time of emergence of philosophy:
mid-3rd millennium BC
VII-VI centuries. BC.
XVII-XVIII centuries.
The fundamentals of existence, problems of knowledge, the purpose of man and his position in the world are studied by:
philosophy
ontology
epistemology
A worldview form of social consciousness that rationally substantiates the ultimate foundations of existence, including society and law:
philosophy
sociology
cultural studies
The worldview function of philosophy is that:
philosophy reflects on its contemporary culture
philosophy directs people's activities to combat the shortcomings of the existing system
philosophy helps improve people's characters
philosophy helps a person understand himself, his place in the world
Worldview is:
the body of knowledge that a person has
a set of views, assessments, emotions that characterize a person’s attitude to the world and to himself
reflection by human consciousness of those public relations that objectively exist in society
system of adequate preferences of a mature personality
What meaning did G. Hegel put into the statement that “philosophy is an epoch captured by thought”?
The course of history depends on the direction of thinking of philosophers
Philosophy must solve specific problems facing society at a given time
Philosophy is designed to reflect the characteristics of the era, to express the spirit of the times
The thinking of philosophers is determined by the socio-economic conditions of the society in which they live
The defining feature of a religious worldview is:
belief in one creator god
negation human freedom, the belief that all actions are initially determined by God
contempt for the achievements of science, denial of their reliability
belief in supernatural, otherworldly forces that have the ability to influence the course of events in the world
The direction that denies the existence of God is called:
skepticism
agnosticism
neo-Thomism
What is characteristic of the epistemic line in philosophy?
understanding philosophy as a higher science
identification of philosophy with theology
affirmation as substance of only one principle
viewing reality as constantly evolving
Ontology is:
the doctrine of the universal conditionality of phenomena
the doctrine of the essence and nature of science
the doctrine of existence, its fundamental principles
the doctrine of correct forms of thinking
Epistemology is:
the doctrine of the development and functioning of science
the doctrine of nature, the essence of knowledge
the doctrine of logical forms and laws of thinking
the doctrine of the essence of the world, its structure
Anthropology is:
the doctrine of development and universal interconnection
doctrine of man
the science of animal behavior in natural environments
philosophical doctrine about society
Axiology is:
doctrine of values
development theory
theory of justice
theory about the superiority of some groups of people over others
Ethics is:
development theory
doctrine of being
theory about the moral superiority of some people over others
the doctrine of morality and moral values
Section of philosophy in which problems of cognition are developed
Aesthetics
Ontology
Epistemology
According to Marxist philosophy, the essence of the main question of philosophy is:
relation of consciousness to matter
meaning of life
the relationship between natural and social worlds
driving forces of social development
Idealism is characterized by the statement:
Dualism is characterized by the following thesis:
consciousness is primary, matter does not exist independently of consciousness
matter and consciousness are two principles that exist independently of each other
this is a strict consistent system of judgments about nature
consciousness is primary, matter does not exist
Who owns this statement: “I maintain that there are no things. We're just used to talking about things; in fact, there is only my thinking, there is only my “I” with its inherent sensations. The material world only seems to us, is it just a certain way of talking about our feelings?
Materialist
To an objective idealist
To the dualist
To the subjective idealist
What historical type of worldview are we talking about here: “This is a holistic worldview in which various ideas are linked into a single figurative picture of the world, combining reality and fantasy, the natural and the supernatural, knowledge and faith, thought and emotions”?
Mythologies
Philosophy
Some Christian theologians argue that the whole world. The entire Universe was created by God in six days, and God himself is a disembodied intellect, an all-perfect Personality. What philosophical direction does this view of the world correspond to?
Pantheism
Subjective idealism
Objective idealism
Vulgar materialism
A representative would agree with the statement: “Thinking is the same product of brain activity as bile is a product of liver activity”:
metaphysical materialism
dialectical materialism
vulgar materialism
natural scientific materialism
Agnosticism is:
doctrine that denies the knowability of the essence of the objective world
doctrine postulating the presence of otherworldly forces
development theory philosophical knowledge
doctrine of values
Agnosticism is:
direction in the theory of knowledge, which believes that adequate knowledge of the world is impossible
distrust of sensory experience
philosophical position that considers all phenomena of the world in their mutual connection and development
denial of rational ways of understanding the world
They deny the possibility of knowing the world:
materialists
agnostics
dogmatists
positivists
The direction of Western European philosophy that denies the cognitive value of philosophy, the presence of its own, original subject:
philosophy of life
pragmatism
neo-Thomism
positivism
PHILOSOPHY OF THE ANCIENT EAST
The law of retribution in Indian religion and religious philosophy, which determines the nature of the new birth of reincarnation:
The name of the founder of Buddhism, meaning awakened, enlightened:
Confucius
Nagarjuna
Name of the founder of Buddhism
Badarayana
Patanjali
Mahavira
Sidhartha
The central concept of Buddhism and Jainism, meaning the highest state, the goal of human aspirations:
The concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting the masculine, bright and active principle:
The concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting the feminine, dark and passive principle:
The idea of a “noble husband” as an ideal personality was developed by:
Confucius
Sidhartha Gautama Buddha
What do the concepts of Brahman in Vedanta and apeiron mean in the philosophy of Anaximander:
The law that governs the world
Higher intelligence
The substance of all things
World harmony
In the philosophy of Heraclitus, the word Logos denotes the world law, the world order, to which everything that exists is subordinated. Which concept of Chinese philosophy has the same meaning:
What does the concept of “dharma” mean in traditional Indian philosophy:
The sum of actions committed by a person that influences the nature of his future birth
Genuine authentic knowledge of the Absolute
A person who has achieved nirvana, but voluntarily gives it up to save other people
An eternal moral law that prescribes from above for everyone a certain way of life.
Ancient Indian philosophical texts include
Upanishads
Tao Te Ching
Book of Changes
Ancient Chinese philosophical texts include
Mahabharata
Tao Te Ching
Chandogya Upanishad
In Indian philosophy - the total sum of committed actions and their consequences, which determines the nature of the new birth
Chinese philosopher, founder of Taoism
Confucius
The golden rule of morality: “What you don’t wish for yourself, don’t do to others” was first formulated:
Socrates
Confucius
Protagoras
PHILOSOPHY OF ANCIENT GREECE
Chronological framework for the development of ancient philosophy:
28 - 18 centuries BC.
VI century BC – VI century AD
VI century - XVI century
VI century BC. – II century BC.
The basic principle of ancient philosophy was:
cosmocentrism
theocentrism
anthropocentrism
scientism
The main problem solved by the philosophers of the Milesian school:
the problem of the world's cognition
the problem of the primacy of matter or spirit
problem from the beginning
problem of the nature of the human soul
Thesis belonging to the thinker Thales:
"Know Thyself"
“The fundamental principle of the world is fire”
"Everything Flows"
Thesis belonging to the thinker Thales
"Everything Flows"
"You cannot step into the same river twice"
“The fundamental principle of the world is fire”
"The beginning of all things is water"
Anaximenes took the first principle of all things
Fire Number
The statement: “Number is the essence and meaning of everything that is in the world” belongs to:
Pythagoras
Protagoras
A follower of Pythagoras, the first to draw the system of the world and place the Central Fire at the center of the universe
Lucretius Carus N. Copernicus
Parmenides
For the first time the concept of being was used in philosophy
Parmenides
G.W.F.Hegel
Movement, any change is only an illusion of the sensory world, they argued:
Pythagoreans
epicureans
Representatives of which philosophical school posed the problem of being, contrasted the world of feelings with the world of reason and argued that movement, any change is only an illusion of the sensory illusory world:
Pythagorean
Eleatic
Miletus
Epicurean
What do you think, the hypothetical dispute of which philosophers was depicted by A.S. Pushkin in the poem “Movement”?
Plato and Aristotle
Descartes and Spinoza
Zeno and Heraclitus
Thales and Empedocles
An ancient philosopher who believed that you cannot step into the same river twice:
Heraclitus
Democritus
Which of the ancient philosophers taught that everything develops, that the first cause of the world and its fundamental principle is fire, that you cannot enter the same river twice?
Heraclitus
Democritus
The concept of “Logos” in the philosophical teachings of Heraclitus means:
Universal law, the action of which everything in the world is subject to
The universal variability of things
Divine Word
One of the primary elements
First expressed the idea of the atomic structure of matter:
Heraclitus
Democritus
Diogenes of Sinope
The saying: “Man is the measure of all things” belongs to:
Aristotle
Protagoras
Knowledge according to Socrates is identical:
feelings
wisdom
moral laws
virtues
The essence of Socrates' "ethical rationalism":
treat others as yourself
virtue is the result of knowing what is good, while lack of virtue is the result of ignorance
treat another person as an end and never as a means
love your neighbor as yourself
Objective-idealist philosophy was founded by:
Democritus
Parmenides
Plato
Pythagoras
In antiquity, the merit of the discovery of the supersensible world of ideas belongs to:
Pythagoras
Aristotle
In Plato's philosophy, how does the idea of a “horse” differ from an actual, living, real horse? Please indicate the wrong answer.
The idea is ideal, the real horse is material
The idea is primary, the real horse is secondary
The idea is immortal, eternal, the real horse is mortal
In Plato's philosophy, the idea of a "horse" differs from a real, living horse in that:
the idea is material, the real horse is ideal
the idea is primary, the real horse is secondary
the idea is unreal, finite and ideal.
The statement that the soul before the birth of a person was in the world of ideas, therefore in the process of cognition it is able to recall them, belongs to:
Democritus
The source of knowledge is the soul’s recollection of the world of ideas, he believed:
Aristotle
Democritus
A philosopher who considered logic the main tool of knowledge:
Aristotle
Democritus
Philosopher, student of Plato:
Parmenides
Aristotle
Parmenides
Aristotle
According to Aristotle, in human soul Excluded
Animal soul
Vegetable soul
Mineral Soul Sentient Soul
The essence of the ethical teaching of Epicurus is that:
you have to deny yourself everything
one must live for the benefit of others
you need to enjoy life
we must serve the gods and do good
Lucretius Carus
The statement: “It’s not what happens to us that matters, but how we relate to it” corresponds to the worldview:
Neoplatonists
epicureans
The philosopher who lived in a barrel considered himself a “citizen of the world” and called for poverty, ignorance
Diogenes of Sinope
Aristarchus of Samos
Xenophanes
MEDIEVALISM
Characteristic feature medieval philosophy is:
cosmocentrism
anthropocentrism
theocentrism
skepticism
Which of the following features is not characteristic of medieval philosophical thought?
Exegeticality
Scientism
Theocentrism is a worldview position based on the idea of primacy:
person
Philosophy in the Middle Ages occupied a subordinate position in relation to:
theology
psychology
The set of religious doctrines and teachings about the essence and action of God:
theology
monadology
anthropocentrism
phenomenology
Works of early Christian literature not included in the biblical canon, i.e. recognized by the official church as “false”
Apologies
Gospels
Apocrypha
Eschatology is
Teaching about values
The doctrine of existence, its fundamental principles
The doctrine of the origin of the gods
Savior, deliverer from troubles, anointed of God
Restriction or suppression of sensual desires, voluntary enduring of physical pain, loneliness:
asceticism
hedonism
rationalism
Epicureanism
The ideological principle according to which the world was created by God out of nothing is called:
Creationism
Dialectics
Monotheism
Doctrine of Soul Salvation
Metaphysics
Soteriology
Dialectics
Deontology
The principle according to which God determines the entire course of history and the fate of each person
Providentialism
Creationism
Monotheism
The main task of Christian apologists was to:
Proving the existence of God
In justifying the advantages of Christianity over paganism
In translation Holy Scripture into European languages
In creating a holistic Christian worldview
The name of the period of creative ministry of the “Church Fathers”(III- VIIIcenturies)who laid the foundations of Christian philosophy and theology; in their In the works of confrontation-dialogue with Greco-Roman philosophy, the formation of a system of Christian dogma takes place:
apologetics
patristics
scholasticism
exegesis
Clement of Alexandria
Meister Eckhart
Augustine
“Six Days” is a book that set out:
Orthodox axiology and ethics
Christian ontology and cosmogony
Metaphysics of Kabbalah
Medieval historiosophy
Scholasticism is:
philosophy that denies the role of reason in understanding the essence of God
a type of philosophizing characterized by speculativeness and the primacy of logical and epistemological problems
theory and practice to merge with the deity in ecstasy
doctrine of the origin of God
Features such as speculativeness, interest in formal-logical problems, subordination to theology are inherent in:
scholasticism
rationalism
empiricism
Representative of medieval philosophy:
Thomas Aquinas
Diogenes Laertius
Heraclitus of Ephesus
Parmenides of Elea
Representative of medieval Western European philosophy: F. Aquinas C. Marx M. Heidegger J. P. Sartre
The Art of Interpretation sacred texts, developed in the Middle Ages
Exegesis
Numerology
Propaedeutics
The problem of proving the existence of God was one of the central ones for
Thomas Aquinas
Democritus
Hugh of Saint-Victor
Tertullian
RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY
The era of restoration of the ideals of antiquity in Europe:
Renaissance
New time
Middle Ages
Education
The most important feature philosophical thought and culture of the Renaissance is:
cosmocentrism
anthropocentrism
providentialism
skepticism
A characteristic feature of Renaissance philosophy is:
anthropocentrism
theocentrism
cosmocentrism
naturecentrism
In what city was the Platonic Academy revived in the 15th century?
Florence
The type of worldview according to which man is the center and highest goal of the universe:
anthropocentrism
naturecentrism
theocentrism
cosmocentrism
The main object of study, the measure of things and relationships in the Renaissance:
The secular worldview position of the Renaissance, opposed to scholasticism and the spiritual dominance of the church:
humanism
naturecentrism
theocentrism
idealism
The opposition of the individual to society is characteristic of:
individualism
collectivism
rationalism
irrationalism
A type of worldview characteristic of the Renaissance, which is based on the opposition of the individual to society:
individualism
collectivism
Nicolo Machiavelli
Hugh of Saint-Victor
Pico della Mirandola
Anselm of Canterbury
Representative of Renaissance philosophy:
Anaximander
Aristotle
The propositions about the infinity of the Universe in time and space, about the identity of God and nature were substantiated by:
Fr. Petrarch
Thomas Aquinas
Savonarola
Petrarch
Renaissance philosophy is characterized by
nostalgia for ancient culture
commentary on the texts of Holy Scripture
belief in the imminent end of the world
denial of the importance of science
A doctrine developed during the Renaissance that asserts the identity of God and nature, that “nature is God in things”
Pantheism
Providentialism
EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHY 17-18 centuries.
Liberation from church influence
Ecumenism
Counter-Reformation
Secularization
Ecclesiology
A philosophical movement that recognizes reason as the basis of human cognition and behavior
Rationalism
Sensationalism
Skepticism
Agnosticism
The main claim of rationalism is that
The mind plays a priority role in human cognitive activity
Experiment plays a leading role in science
Knowledge of the world is possible thanks to divine revelation
The essence of the cognition process lies only in the perception of the world by an individual
Features of rationalismXVIIV. determined
Mathematics
Aesthetics
Policy
Economy
French philosopher, also the creator of algebra and analytical geometry
R. Descartes
G. Leibniz
Dualistic philosophy is characteristic of
R. Descartes
J.J. Rousseau
J. Berkeley
On the question of substance, Rene Descartes adhered to
Materialistic monism
Dualism
Pluralism
Agnosticism
The statement: “I think, therefore I am” was expressed by
R. Descartes
Thomas Aquinas
What does the original thesis of Descartes’ philosophy mean, in Latin it sounds like “cogitoergosum»?
mind is power
induction is the basis of everything
knowledge comes from sensations
if I think, therefore I exist
The idea “never accept as true something that I do not clearly know to be true” belongs to:
R.Descartes
The main statement of empiricism
The highest type of knowledge is intuition
All human knowledge is based on experience
The world is basically unknowable
Question everything
A movement that considers sensory experience to be the only source of our knowledge about the world
Gnosticism
Sensationalism
Rationalism
Intuitionism
R. Descartes
J. Berkeley
Main method scientific knowledge, according to F. Bacon, should become
Dialectics
Induction
Deduction
Heuristic
F. Bacon’s division of experiences into “fruitful” and “luminous” corresponds to the division of knowledge into:
Science and mathematics
Sensual and rational
Empirical and theoretical
Applied and fundamental
According to Francis Bacon, all knowledge must:
be guided by metaphysical first principles
use deductive methods
descend from abstract to concrete
rely on experience and move from the individual to the general
Philosopher who believed that a child's mind is like a blank slatetabularasa
J.J. Rousseau
“War of all against all” is a natural state, he believed
I. Fichte
He adhered to the theory of “social contract”
Aristotle
G. W. F. Hegel
Philosopher who took the so-called “monads” as the basis of existence
D. Berkeley
G. Leibniz
Simple indivisible substance according to Leibniz
The representative of subjective idealism is: J. Berkeley J. Locke T. Hobbes F. Bacon
Central philosophical problem D. Yuma
Cognition
Movement
The central problem in the philosophy of the French Enlightenment
Human
Knowledge
The main idea of the philosophy of the French Enlightenment
The priority of reason as the highest authority in solving problems of human society
Agnosticism
Clericalism
The priority of sensory knowledge of the world when solving problems of human society
To the number the most important ideas French philosophy The Enlightenment era cannot be attributed
The idea of equality of all people
The idea of the priority of the collective over the individual
The idea of human rights and freedoms
The idea of progress
The essence of deism is
Reducing the role of God to the creation of matter and the first impulse
Dissolution of God in nature
Recognition of God's constant intervention in the processes occurring in human society
The statement that God has two hypostases
Representative of the philosophy of the French Enlightenment
J.-J. Rousseau
B. Spinoza
G. Leibniz
T. Campanella
“Man was born to be free, and yet everywhere he is in chains,” asserted
J.-J. Rousseau
K. Helvetius
J. Lametrie
The cause of inequality in human society is J.-J. Rousseau believed
Own
Heredity
Upbringing
French philosopher, supporter of sensationalism
Condillac
Center European Enlightenment in the middle of the 18th century there was
Germany
The idea of the rule of law includes the provision of
Separation of powers
The evils of private property
The inadmissibility of exploitation of man by man
The priority of universal human values
French philosopher who believed in the omnipotence of education and argued that people from birth have equal abilities
Helvetius
GERMAN CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY
Chronological framework of German classical philosophy
G.W.F.Hegel
B. Spinoza
The most important philosophical work of Immanuel Kant
"Metaphysics"
"The Science of Logic"
"Critique of Practical Reason"
"Beauty in Nature"
Subject theoretical philosophy according to I. Kant there should be research:
nature and man
"things in themselves"
laws of reason and its boundaries
existence of God
According to I. Kant, in order for knowledge to be reliable, it must:
be consistent with experience
contradict the laws of logic
rely on obvious principles
to be universal and necessary
I. Kant believes that space and time:
exist independently of our consciousness
are forms of existence of things
there are innate, pre-experimental forms of sensuality
In the philosophy of I. Kant, the “thing in itself” is
Synonymous with the concepts of “God”, “Higher Mind”
What is present in our consciousness, but we are not aware of it
The unknown root cause of the universe
That which causes sensations in us, but cannot itself be known
In the philosophy of I. Kant, antinomies take place where, with the help of human reason, they try to draw conclusions about:
the world of “things in themselves”
world of experience
about any part of the whole
specific event
they deserve it
you would like them to act towards you
what a virtuous person does
your inner feelings tell you
The statement: “Act in such a way that the maxim of your will can at the same time become the principle of universal legislation” belongs to
G.V.F. Hegel
K. Marx
According to I. Kant, for the formation of a person as a moral being, it is of fundamental importance
Natural kindness
Moral duty
Compliance with social norms
Reasonableness and meaningfulness of behavior
G.W.F.Hegel
B. Spinoza
The philosophy of G. Hegel is characterized by:
pantheism
behaviorism
panlogism
Hegel's theory of development, which is based on, is called:
sophistry
dialectics
monadology
epistemology
Reality, which forms the basis of the world, according to Hegel:
Absolute idea
Representative of German classical philosophy:
O.Spengler
G. Simmel
L. Feuerbach
Which of the following thinkers is not a representative of German classical philosophy?
L. Feuerbach
F. Schelling
The representative of materialism is
Aurelius Augustine
V.S. Soloviev
L. Feuerbach
Divided reality into the “world of things in themselves” and the “world of phenomena”
Not a characteristic feature of German classical philosophy
Striving for completeness, systematic coherence of thought Consideration of philosophy as the highest science, as the “science of sciences” Reliance on reason as the highest way of understanding the world
Denial of transcendental, divine existence
A thinker who lived his entire life in Königsberg and taught at the university there
According to Hegel, the true engine of world history is
World Spirit
Activities of heroes and leaders
Spirit of Nations
WESTERN EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHY 19-20 centuries.
A philosophical direction that denies or limits the role of reason in knowledge, highlighting will, contemplation, feeling, intuition
Irrationalism
Rationalism
Empiricism
Skepticism
A philosophical movement that claims that the mind only floats on the surface of things, while the essence of the world is revealed to us through intuition, experience, and understanding
Philosophy of life
Neo-rationalism
Pragmatism
Phenomenology
Representatives of the “philosophy of life” include
K. Popper
Will as main principle life and knowledge considered
A. Schopenhauer
O. Spengler
V. Dilthey
G. Simmel
Arthur Schopenhauer considered the substance, the fundamental principle of the world
Will to power
The will to live
World Spirit
Life's impulse
The central concept of A. Bergson’s philosophical teaching is the impulse of life (élanvital). Its knowledge is possible with the help of:
intuition
intelligence
instinct
Friedrich Nietzsche
Martin Heidegger
Henri Bergson
Ludwig Feuerbach
Founder of Positivism
Auguste Comte
Friedrich Nietzsche
Henri Bergson
Edmund Husserl
Direction modern philosophy, which is materialistic
Neo-Thomism
Marxism
Existentialism
Phenomenology
Direction of modern Western philosophy
Pragmatism
Agnosticism
Irrationalistic direction in philosophyXXcentury
Existentialism
Neopositivism
Structuralism
Pragmatism
The term "existentialism" comes from the French word, which translated into Russian means
Cognition
Existence
Development
The form of being that is the focus of existentialism
Being of nature
Individual human existence
The existence of society
Existence of the Absolute Spirit
The provisions about the absolute freedom of man, his abandonment and loneliness, about the borderline situation that can reveal the true essence of man, were substantiated in philosophy
Neopositivism
Existentialism
Structuralism
Psychoanalysis
The direction of philosophy in which man is viewed as a self-determining, self-creating being
Freudianism
Existentialism
Phenomenology
Pragmatism
The existentialist view of man corresponds to the statement that
Everything in our life is random and unpredictable, and therefore we must go with the flow and hope for luck
Human actions are determined by unconscious desires that we may not be aware of.
Whatever a person undertakes, everything ultimately depends not on him, but on fate, fate
Man is doomed to be free and bear absolute responsibility for his actions.
RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHYThe most important features of Russian philosophy cannot be attributed to
Striving for holistic knowledge
Moral and anthropological character
Pre-systematic, pre-logical character
Empirical-sensualistic character
One of the cross-cutting ideas of Russian philosophy is the idea of apokatastasis, the essence of which is
The salvation of all people without exception: both righteous and sinners
Building a free theocratic state
Justifying God, removing responsibility from him for the evil that exists on earth
The resurrection of all people who have ever lived on earth
The characteristic features of Russian philosophy include:
Rationalism
Empiricism
Anthropologism
Panlogism
Supreme God V Slavic mythology, creator of the Universe, manager of rain and thunderstorms, patron of family and home
Characteristic of ancient Russian thought:
Objectivity, non-judgment
Revaluation of external material existence
Interest in socio-political issues
Abstract theorizing
Pre-philosophy Kievan Rus characteristic:
priority of natural philosophical constructions
mysticism
moralizing character
justification for the exclusivity of the Russian people
The date of adoption of Orthodoxy in Rus' is considered
The city in which, according to the Tale of Bygone Years, Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavich was baptized
Novgorod
Constantinople
Kievan Rus took over the “cultural baton” from:
Byzantium
Golden Horde
Khazar Khaganate
The double-headed eagle was first adopted as the state symbol of Russia
Vladimir Monomakh in the 12th century
Ivan III in the 15th century
Ivan IV (the Terrible) in the 16th century
Peter I at the beginning of the 18th century
To genre social utopia in ancient Russian literature refers
"Zadonshchina"
"The Tale of the City of Kitezh"
"A Word on Law and Grace"
“The Tale of the Belorized Man and Monasticism”
Sergius of Radonezh was a contemporary
Battle on the Ice
Standing on the Ugra
Battle of Kulikovo
"Time of Troubles"
The famous Russian icon painter is:
Ivan Fedorov
Maxim Grek
Grigory Skovoroda
Feofan the Greek
The most famous icon of Andrei Rublev:
"Annunciation"
"Spas the Ardent Eye"
"Our Lady of the Don"
"Trinity" "The Sermon on Law and Grace" wrote
Vladimir Monomakh
Daniil Sharpener
The ideologeme “Moscow is the Third Rome” was first substantiated by
Vladimir Monomakh
Dionysius
Sergius of Radonezh
Initiator of the correction church books, which was the reason for the split, became:
Patriarch Nikon
Archpriest Avvakum
Monk Philotheus
Joseph Volotsky
The founder of Russian book printing is:
F. Skorina
I. Fedorov
D. Tveritinov
S. Ushakov
Spiritual leader of non-possessors
Joseph Volotsky
Nil Sorsky
Serapion of Vladimir
Yuri Krizhanich
They opposed the ownership of land by monasteries; they believed that the accumulation of wealth was contrary to monastic vows
literates
Nikonians
schismatics
non-acquisitive
The Code of Feudal Lifestyle, which prescribed how to build a family and run a household, created in Rus' in the 16th century
"Domostroy"
"Great Menaion of Chetia"
"Six Days"
"Explanatory Palea"
Archpriest Avvakum was a spiritual leader
Josephites
Judaizers
non-possessors
schismatics
In “Vertograd the Multicolored” Simeon of Polotsk likens the world
person
One of the first supporters of the idea of Pan-Slavism (unification of all Slavs)
Alexander Herzen
Yuri Krizhanich
Maxim Grek
Companion of Peter the Great, Archbishop of Novgorod, author of the “Spiritual Regulations”
Vassian Patrikeev
Simeon of Polotsk
Mikhail Lomonosov
Feofan Prokopovich
The Russian Academy of Sciences was founded in
A supporter of deistic materialism in Russian philosophy was
M.V. Lomonosov
N.I. Novikov
G.S. Pan
A.S. Khomyakov
At the opening of Moscow University in number of three there were no faculties:
physical
philosophical
legal
medical
Freemasonry was brought to Russia from:
Byzantium
To one of central ideas Freemasonry refers to:
Restriction of human freedom, subordination of the individual to the will of the collective
The superiority of the Aryan race over other peoples
Improving man through personal and collective self-knowledge
Merging with nature, renouncing the achievements and benefits of civilization
According to contemporaries, “he created in us a love of science and a desire to read”
V.G. Belinsky
G.R. Derzhavin
L.N. Tolstoy
N.I. Novikov
Nicknamed "Russian Socrates"
M.V. Lomonosov
Daniil Zatochnik
G.S. frying pan
Stefan Jaworski
According to G.S. Skovoroda, all reality falls into three worlds, of which this is not the case:
society
The work “On Man, on His Mortality and Immortality,” which is one of the first philosophical and anthropological works in the history of Russian thought, was written
A.S. Khomyakov
A.N. Radishchev
Daniil Zatochnik
M.A. Bakunin
The question of the role and place of Russia in the history of mankind was posed in the Philosophical Letters:
V. Solovyov
P. Chaadaev
A. Khomyakov
A. Herzen
Contemporary
Telescope
European
The main ideas of the Philosophical Letters cannot include
Following the Christian commandments as the only path to salvation, to the Kingdom of Heaven
Skepticism about Russia's past and future
Subordination historical process will of God
Refusal of all forms of violence, coercion of a person by a person, state or church
Was declared Emperor NicholasIcrazy for his philosophical views
P.I. Pestel
IN AND. Lenin
A.I. Herzen
P.Ya. Chaadaev
Who owns the following pessimistic lines: “Alone in the world, we gave nothing to the world, took nothing from the world, we did not contribute anything to the movement forward human mind, and we distorted everything that we got from this movement. Since the very first moments of our social existence, nothing suitable for the common good of people has come from us, not a single useful thought has sprouted in the barren soil of our homeland, not a single great truth has been brought forward from our midst”?
P.Ya. Chaadaev
A.N. Radishchev
N.G. Chernyshevsky
V.G. Belinsky
The main idea of Westernism is
The power of power is for the king, the power of opinion is for the people.
Russia must develop along the European path
The progress of society is associated with the development of monarchical power
Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality
Spiritual leader of Westerners
V.S. Soloviev
K.S. Aksakov
F.M. Dostoevsky
A.I. Herzen
The ideology of the party is closest to the views of the “Westerners”
United Russia
Union of Right Forces
The central idea of I.V.’s philosophy Kireevsky
Integrity of spiritual life
Equality of all people
Priority of the state over the church
Love for all living things
The ideological leader of the Slavophiles was
A.I. Herzen
A.S. Khomyakov
A.N. Radishchev
L.N. Tolstoy
The representative of Slavophilism was
S.N. Bulgakov
N.G. Chernyshevsky
I.S. Kireevsky
N.I. Novikov
The belief that the salvation of the West lies in the adoption of Orthodoxy is closest to the worldview:
Russian cosmists
Slavophiles
Old Believers
Westerners
Belief in the moral purity of the Russian peasantry is characteristic of:
Russian Marxists
existentialists
Slavophiles
Josephlyan
The term “conciliarity” in Slavophil philosophy means
Priority of the collective over the individual
Free unity of people in Christ
Salvation of all believers
Communal structure of society in the absence of state power
A true hymn to freedom can be recognized
“The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor” by F.M. Dostoevsky
“Buddhism in Science” A.I. Herzen
« Living Universe» K.E. Tsiolkovsky
“Apology for a Madman” by P.Ya. Chaadaeva
The words “beauty will save the world” belong to
V.S. Solovyov
F.M. Dostoevsky
L.N. Tolstoy
M.V. Lomonosov
The meaning of Dostoevsky's parable about the “tear of a child” from the novel “The Brothers Karamazov” is that
Gotta love children
World harmony is not worth even one human life
Children are cleaner and kinder than adults
The social structure of society is to blame for the suffering of children
L.N. Tolstoy
N.V. Gogol
K.E. Tsiolkovsky
F.M. Dostoevsky
Philosophical doctrine founded by Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy
Soil science
Philosophy of unity
Populism
Ethics of nonviolence
The main moral rule from the point of view of L.N. Tolstoy
Kill the sufferer
Know yourself
Don't resist evil
Serve your fatherland faithfully
The country where Vladimir Solovyov for the third time met with the vision of Sophia as an image of eternal femininity and the wisdom of God
Pavel Florensky
Vladimir Solovyov
Alexey Losev
Nikolay Berdyaev
Concept…. characteristic of Vl. S. Solovyova.
Unity
Intuitionism
Imyaslaviya
Slavophilism
One of the main ideas of the philosophy of unity
Inadmissibility of any forms of violence in public and state life
Philosophy should help a person solve pressing problems of life
Impossibility of reliable knowledge of the Absolute
Resurrection of all people who lived on earth
The highest, most perfect form of love, according to V.S. Solovyov, is
Love between a man and a woman
Love for truth
Mother's love for child
Love to motherland
Domestic thinker who first created a comprehensive philosophical system based on Christian humanism
V.S. Soloviev
ON THE. Berdyaev
A.N. Radishchev
F.M. Dostoevsky
Russian thinker, who in his work “Names” argued that there is a deep connection between a name and its bearer
S.N. Bulgakov
A.L. Chizhevsky
P.A. Florensky
L. Shestov
One of the main works of S.N. Bulgakov
"The Meaning of Creativity"
"Justification of Good"
"The Pillar and Ground of Truth"
"Non-evening light"
Representative of Russian Marxism
G.V. Plekhanov
N.K. Mikhailovsky
N.F. Fedorov
V.S. Solovyov
IN AND. Lenin developed the doctrine of Russia as
Third Rome
An agricultural country with a communal way of life
The weak link in the chain of imperialism
great power
The founder of Russian cosmism is considered
Alexander Radishchev
Nikolay Berdyaev
Nikolay Fedorov
Fedor Dostoevsky
Representatives of “Russian cosmism” are:
N. Berdyaev, V. Soloviev
F. Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy
A. Losev, M. Bakhtin
K. Tsiolkovsky, V. Vernadsky
According to N.F. Fedorov, the highest moral duty of earthlings, the central task of all people is to
Uniting all religions
Resurrection of all ancestors
Transforming humanity into radiant energy
Eliminating suffering on earth
Synthesis of philosophical and scientific teachings, united by the idea of the relationship between man and nature, humanity and the Universe
Philosophy of life
Philosophy of unity
Existentialism
One of the basic rules of “cosmic ethics” by K.E. Tsiolkovsky
Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.
Be merciful to all living things
Kill the sufferer
Love God more than yourself
The basic concept of epistemology V.I. Vernadsky
Empirical generalization
Thing in itself
A priori form of sensibility
The noosphere is
Sphere of the Mind
Sphere of life
Divine Sphere
Transcendent Sphere
Founder of space ecology and heliobiology
P.A. Florensky
K.E. Tsiolkovsky
IN AND. Vernadsky
A.L. Chizhevsky
The Russian philosopher, who wrote in the book “Self-Knowledge”: “The originality of my philosophical type first of all, that I laid the foundation of philosophy not on being, but on freedom.”
Nikolay Berdyaev
Vladimir Solovyov
Alexander Herzen
Lev Shestov
The Russian thinker... in his work “Self-Knowledge” stated that he laid the foundation of philosophy not on being, but on freedom.
ON THE. Berdyaev
V.S. Soloviev
A.I. Herzen
N. Fedorov
The reason, the primary source of evil in the world according to N.A. Berdyaev
Uncreated freedom
Government
Elemental forces of nature
Inert matter
The dualism of spirit and matter, God and nature is characteristic of philosophy
K.E. Tsiolkovsky
L. Shestova
ON THE. Berdyaev
L.N. Tolstoy
According to L. Shestov, a person can achieve the impossible only thanks to
Faith in God
Scientific knowledge
Humility
Love for your neighbor
According to L. Shestov, the main enemies of man in the “struggle for the impossible” are
Loneliness and fear
Death and despair
Reason and Morality
Faith and love
ONTOLOGY
The basis of being, existing in itself independently of anything else,
Substance
Consciousness
Intention
The equality of the material and spiritual principles of existence is proclaimed
Skepticism
Relativism
The existence of many initial foundations and principles of being is affirmed
Pluralism
Empiricism
Relativism
Agnosticism
Statement corresponding to the metaphysical understanding of matter
Matter is eternal, uncreated and indestructible
Matter is identical to substance
Matter created by God
Matter is basically made up of ideal forms
The atomic hypothesis of the structure of matter was first put forward by:
Augustine
Democritus
Matter is the primary source of being, asserts
Materialism
Idealism
Intuitionism
Irrationalism
Quality
In Marxism, matter is interpreted as
Unity of energy and consciousness
Substance
Which of the following is not an attribute of matter?
Structurality
Movement
Reflection
Stability
Ideal phenomena include Light, Gravity, Conscience, Time
An inherent essential property of a thing, phenomenon, or object is called
By accident
Attribute
Quality
The mode of existence of matter
Movement
Mindflow
Immobility
Does not apply to the attributes of matter
Structurality
Movement
Reflection
The highest form of motion of matter is
Mechanical movement
Biological movement
Social movement
Physical movement
The essence of the Big Bang cosmogonic hypothesis is the assumption that
The universe will perish as a result of the explosion of the galactic core
Regular explosions occur in the center of the Galaxy, changing the space-time characteristics of the Universe
The universe came into being as a result of the explosion of a microscopic particle
In a few billion years, the Sun will explode and destroy the Earth.
The sequence of states reflects the category
Spaces
Necessities
The form of existence of matter, expressing its extension, structure, coexistence and interaction of elements in all material systems
Movement
Space
Quality
Defended the substantial concept of space and time
Lucretius Carus
Einstein
The essence of the relational concept of space and time is that
Time is eternal, space is infinite
Time and space are independent of each other
Space and time depend on material processes
Space and time are illusory, in reality there is only a motionless and unchanging substance
Which concept of time does not allow the possibility of creating a “time machine”?
Substantial
Relational
Static
Dynamic
The most important specific property of biological time
Reversibility
Cyclicality
Two-dimensionality
Anthropicity
The most important specific property of biological space
Ambivalence
Asymmetry
Four-dimensionality
Uniformity
The totality of natural conditions for the existence of man and society
Practice
Cosmogenesis
Which of the following pairs of adjectives is not used in the philosophical analysis of nature?
organic and inorganic
artificial and natural
material and spiritual
pristine and man-made
Which of the named scientists-philosophers first established that solar activity affects people’s well-being?
Tsiolkovsky
Vernadsky
Chizhevsky
PHILOSOPHY OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Reflection is (choose the most complete and precise definition)
The property of living beings to respond to vital environmental stimuli
The ability of highly organized animals to navigate the outside world
The property of matter to imprint the characteristics of objects affecting it
The ability of material systems to generate their own similarities
Sensations, perceptions, concepts, thinking are included in the structure:
consciousness
unconscious
living creature
Reflection is:
reflection of objects
reflection of a person about himself
complex of reflex reactions
meditation practice
The most complex form of reflection is
Irritability
Consciousness
Sensitivity
The ability of living organisms to navigate the external world and manage their activities
Irritability
Consciousness
Reflection
The thinker whose name is usually associated with the discovery of the sphere of the unconscious in the human psyche
G. Hegel
Method developed by S. Freud
Psychoanalysis
Association method
Introspection
Does not belong to the main methods of studying the unconscious in psychoanalysis
Transfer analysis
Belief Analysis
Dream analysis
Free association analysis
In the personality structure, S. Freud identifies
It, Super-I, I
It, Do-I, Pra-I
It, the Conscious Self
Conscious, collective unconscious, archetypes
One of the authorities that Sigmund Freud identified in the structure of personality
Sigmund Freud identified three levels in the structure of the mental apparatus. Among the authorities listed below, indicate the extra one, i.e. one that Freud did not single out.
In Freud's psychoanalysis it refers to:
sphere of consciousness
sphere of the unconscious
transpersonal
intrasubjective
A dream according to S. Freud is:
punishment for sins
symbolic
meaningless
wish fulfillment
A thinker who believed that man is driven primarily by sexual instincts
G. Hegel
J.-P. Sartre
According to Carl Rogers, the self-concept consists of four main elements. Which of the following is not one of them?
I am real
I'm perfect
I am a memory
I-existential
I am a mirror
EPISTEMOLOGY
Epistemology considers
Limits and possibilities of human knowledge
Moral Guidelines human life
Aesthetic values
Reliable knowledge about the world is impossible, says
Skepticism
Rationalism
Empiricism
A carrier of deliberate, purposeful activity
Anthropoid
The cognitive attitude consists of three main aspects (elements). Indicate which of the indicated sides is the odd one here?
Subject of knowledge
Means of knowledge
The purpose of knowledge
Object of knowledge
Do not belong to the types of means of cognition
Conceptual
Technical
Adequate
Physiological
Absoluteness, relativity, specificity, objectivity are the main properties
Spaces
Consistency refers to the next scientific criterion
Empirical
Logical
Aesthetic
Pragmatic
If the empirical consequences predicted by theory are not found in practice, then we talk about
Verification of knowledge
Falsification of knowledge
Approbation of knowledge
Congruence between theory and experience
Impossible to falsify:
existence of black geese
existence of life on Mars
existence of God
existence of Atlantis
The hypothesis about:
existence of life on Mars
existence of God
trinity of the Trinity
Buddha's enlightenment
Coherence is
Self-consistency of knowledge
The ability of knowledge to initiate the formulation of new problems
Aesthetic appeal of knowledge
Irrefutability of knowledge
Heuristics refers to
Logical criteria of scientific character
Empirical criteria for scientificity
Non-logical criteria of scientific character
Probabilistic criteria of scientific character
Knowledge corresponding to reality, adequately reflecting reality
Multiplet
Hypothesis
The criterion of truth in Marxist philosophy
Practice
Reality
According to the pragmatic concept of truth, truth is
The result of an agreement between scientists
The property of knowledge to correspond to reality
Product scientific activity, consistent with prior knowledge
What is useful, what helps us solve problems successfully
The ability to comprehend the truth by directly observing it without resorting to logical arguments
Intelligence
Intuition
Contemplation
Observation
In the modern theory of knowledge, the rethinking of the knowing subject follows the path
Abstractions from a person’s personal qualities
The subject of cognition is considered as a living, integral human personality
The knower is understood as transcendental subject
"Death of a Subject"
DIALECTICS
Dialectics is
The doctrine of the structure of the universe
Theory describing the movement of material bodies
The doctrine of development and universal interconnections
The science of world diversity
Philosophical doctrine of the development of being and knowledge, based on the resolution of contradictions
Dialectics
Metaphysics
Sophistry
Anthropology
Name the philosopher who is considered the founder ancient dialectics
G.V.F. Hegel
G. Galileo
Heraclitus
Hegel's theory of development, which is based on the unity and struggle of opposites
Dialectics
Sophistry
Monadology
Skepticism
Dialectical materialism - doctrine
Marxism
Irrationalism
Positivism
Structuralism
Dialectics is different from metaphysics
Understanding the nature of materialism
Understanding the nature of idealism
Understanding development
Understanding human nature
Metaphysics is
Philosophical position asserting the existence of supernatural forces that influence human life and society
The view according to which the world or a separate part of it is viewed as unchanging, qualitatively constant
The doctrine of the formation of the world from chaos according to a single principle
The most fundamental branch of modern physics, exploring questions about the origin and structure of the Universe
The most common fundamental concepts
Empirical data
Syntax
Semantics
A philosophical principle that states that all phenomena are related to each other by causal connections and condition each other
Development principle
The principle of determinism
The principle of the unity of appearance and essence
The principle of unity and struggle of opposites
An essential, necessary, repeating, stable connection between phenomena is called
trend
By measuring
By analogy
The laws of dialectics were first formulated by
Aristotle
R. Descartes
J.-J. Rousseau
G.V.F. Hegel
One of the basic principles of dialectics
Isolation principle
Development principle
The principle of complementarity
Uncertainty principle
Is not a law of dialectics
Law of Negation of Negation
The law of the transition of quantity to quality
Dialectical source of self-movement and development of nature, society and knowledge
Contradiction
Necessity
The key point of the dialectical concept is the principle
Controversies
Systematicity
Extras
The law of dialectics, answering the question about the source of development
The law of unity and struggle of opposites
The law of transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones
The Law of the Intertwining of Causes and Effects
None of the laws of dialectics can answer this question
The law of dialectics, revealing the source of self-motion and development of the objective world and knowledge,
Unity and struggle of opposites
Negations of negations
The law of dialectics, revealing the most general mechanism of development
Transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones
Unity and struggle of opposites
Negations of negations
Law of conservation and transformation of energy
The law of dialectics characterizing the direction, form and result of the development process
Negations of negations
Transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones
Unity and struggle of opposites
Law of conservation and transformation of energy
Directed, qualitative change
Development
Movement
Divergence
Convergence
The set of essential necessary properties of a thing constitutes it:
Quantity
Quality
The internal content of an object in the unity of all its properties and relationships is expressed by the category
Entities
existence
Quantities
Theory of self-organization of complex systems
Synergetics
Bifurcation
Monadology
Materialism
NATURE OF SCIENCE, FORMS AND METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
Theoryscientific cognition is called
Ontology
Axiology
Epistemology
Evolutionary epistemology
Which of the following is not one of the basic features of scientific knowledge?
Validity
Evidence
irrefutability
Systematicity
According to its functional purpose and research objectives, knowledge is divided into
Fundamental and applied
Accurate and approximate
Reliable and probabilistic
Natural science and technical
One of the founders of the philosophy of technology
K. Tsiolkovsky
P. Engelmeyer
M. Faraday
Greek word"techne" originally meant
knowledge, science
art, craftsmanship
method, language, speech
machine, device
Sensory cognition differs from rational cognition in that
The first operates with facts, the second with rational arguments.
The first is emotional, the second is neutral
The first is based on sensations, the second on reason.
The first is more adequate than the second
The original, simplest form of sensory knowledge
Perception
Measurement
Feeling
Performance
Form rational knowledge:
Feeling
Performance
Perception
Thought that identifies and generalizes objects based on an indication of their essential and necessary properties
Inference
Judgment
Syllogism
A statement that affirms or denies something
Inference
Judgment
Refutation
A form of thinking that reflects the presence of a connection between an object and its attribute, between objects, as well as the fact of the existence of an object
Judgment
Perception
Feeling
Form of empirical knowledge
Judgment
Hypothesis
Problem
A statement based on the combination of many related facts
Hypothetical multiplet
Theoretical law
Empirical generalization
Rational synthesis
Scientific assumption, assumption that needs additional justification
Inference
Hypothesis
Verification
Interpretation
The highest form of organization of scientific knowledge, giving a holistic idea of the patterns and essential connections of a certain area of reality
Empirical basis
Paradigm
The most important functions of scientific theory include
Communicative
Emotional
Incentive
Systematizing
Scientific hypothesis refers to
Conceptual means of cognition
Technical means of cognition
Transcendental means of knowledge
Physiological means of cognition
This definition: “The study of an object under controlled or artificially created conditions” refers to:
observation
measurement
experiment
idealization
Intentional, purposeful perception of an object, phenomenon in order to study its properties, characteristics of its course and behavior
Feeling
Modeling
Experiment
Observation
Study of an object in controlled or artificially created conditions
Observation
Measurement
Experiment
Idealization
Producing a general conclusion based on generalization of particular premises
Induction
Abstraction
Deduction
Logical derivation of particular consequences from the general position
Induction
Deduction
Formalization
The process of moving from general premises to conclusions about particular cases
Deduction
Induction
Abstraction
Mental or real decomposition of an object into its component elements
Abstraction
Induction
The procedure for mentally dividing a whole into parts
Deduction
Induction
Combining the elements of the object being studied, highlighted in the analysis, into a single whole
Abstraction
Analogy
Induction
A method not used in scientific and technical knowledge
Raman-synthesizing
Hermeneutic
Experiment
The approximate calculation method is most widely used in
Humanities
Natural Sciences
Technical Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Identification of cause-and-effect relationships, subsuming individual phenomena under a general law is characteristic of
Understanding
Explanations
Verification
Descriptions
According to T. Kuhn, “recognized by all scientific achievement, which over a period of time provides the scientific community with a model for posing problems and solving them"
Research program
Paradigm
PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
J.-P. Sartre
K. Jaspers
For the first time he defined man as a “social animal” (zoonpolitikon)
Aristotle
Augustine
The thought: “Man is the measure of all things” belongs to
Protagoras
“This is social in nature, relatively stable and occurring throughout life, a psychological formation that represents a system of socially significant human traits.”
Individuality
Personality
Personality is
Personality is an innate quality of every individual
Not every person is a personality, only the outstanding one
Since the concept of “personality” is inseparable from the concept of “society” - every person is a potential personality
Personality is a stable, unchanging property of each individual
Personality is:
people are not born as individuals, they become individuals
Not every person is a person, only the outstanding one
since the concept of “personality” is inseparable from the concept of “society” - every person is a potential personality
personality is a stable, unchanging property of each individual
Personality is:
the individual as a representative of the human race
a person who actively influences historical social relations in accordance with his abilities and inclinations
product of social relations
a set of character traits, temperament and volitional attitudes
A set of unique traits that distinguish a given individual from all others
Individuality
Personality
The highest ability of the subject, which directs the activity of the intellect
Consciousness
Individual consciousness is
Expressing people's daily needs and wants
Reflection of the individual existence of a specific person
System of knowledge inherent in an outstanding personality
Psychological education, which is a system of socially significant human traits
The priority of individuals over the social whole is affirmed
Individualism
Collectivism
Subjectivism
Agnosticism
The priority of the interests of society over the interests of the individual is characteristic of
Collectivism
Anarchism
Individualism
Liberalism
The essence of the problem of biological and social in man lies in the question
On the priority of material or spiritual needs
On the interaction and correlation of genes and upbringing
On the forms of the struggle for existence in human society
On the relationship between conscious and unconscious factors in the determination of human actions
A negative attitude towards earthly life, viewing it as a continuous series of sufferings is characteristic of
Marxism
Positivism
Buddhism
Confucianism
For which of the following thinkers was not the central issue of the meaning of life?
L.N. Tolstoy
V. Frankl
S.L. Frank
I. Lakatos
The problem of the meaning of life was central to philosophy
V. Frankl
I. Lakatos
Who owns the following statements: “There is meaning for everyone and for everyone there is its own special meaning”, “Meaning cannot be created artificially, it can only be found”, “Our conscience guides us in the search for meaning”?
Z. Freud
K. Rogers
V. Frankl
E. Fromm
Who do you think the following lines might belong to: “Any attempt to once again raise the spirits of the people in the concentration camp assumed that we would be able to direct them to some goal in the future. The one who could no longer believe in the future, in his own future, was lost. Along with the future, he also lost his spiritual core, broke internally and degraded both physically and mentally... However, the courage to live or, accordingly, fatigue from life turned out to depend each time solely on whether a person had faith in the meaning of life, his life. The motto of all psychotherapeutic work in a concentration camp could be the words of Nietzsche: “Whoever has For what live, can endure almost anythingHow »?
V. Frankl
J.-P. Sartre
K. Lewis
What type of love is it? this description: “This is a tender and soft feeling, selfless love-self-giving, embodied in the love of a mother for her child or in Christian love for her neighbor”?
Who do you think the following statement belongs to: “The idea of romantic love, according to which only one person in the world can be the object of true love and that the main task is to find this particular person, is wrong. It is also not true that love for him, even if you are lucky enough to meet such a person, will result in a rejection of love for others. Love, which can be experienced in relation to only one person, this very fact shows that this is not love, but a symbiotic relationship.”
M. Heidegger
E. Fromm
L. Shestov
V. Solovyov
Hedonistic love is a game that is not distinguished by the depth of feelings and manifests itself in the forms of flirting, coquetry, etc. (in ancient Greek culture)
The ethical meaning of the problem of euthanasia lies in the question
Do doctors have the right to conduct experiments that pose a threat to life and health on criminals and hopelessly ill people?
Does a seriously ill person have the right to die so as not to suffer?
Is it possible to achieve good goals through violent means?
Does a person have the right to commit suicide?
“Everything in the world is predetermined, man is absolutely not free,” representatives say:
fatalism
voluntarism
irrationalism
rationalism
According to... “everything in the world is predetermined, man is absolutely not free”
Fatalism
Voluntarism
Irrationalism
Rationalism
The most ancient human ancestor (according to modern science)
Neanderthal
Pithecanthropus
Australopithecus
Cro-Magnon
According to modern scienceHomosapiensappeared on earth
100-150 thousand years ago
500-600 thousand years ago
1-1.5 million years ago
5-6 million years ago
According to modern science, Australopithecus did not have
Ability to make tools
Herd lifestyle
Articulate speech
Upright walking
Anthropoids are
Representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations
Great apes
Representatives of backward tribes and nationalities
Mammals that lay eggs
SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY The philosophical direction that absolutized the laws of mechanics in relation to social philosophy was: existentialism, French materialism of the 18th century, the phenomenology of postmodernism. The philosophical movement that absolutized the laws of mechanics in relation to social philosophy. Existentialism. French materialism of the 18th century. Phenomenology Postmodernism. Founder of sociology as a positive science.G. Hegel
The main work of K. Marx:
"Leviathan"
"Capital"
"Critique of Pure Reason"
"The structure of the scientific revolution"
Identified socio-economic class as the main element social structure society K. Marx L. Feuerbach M.A. Bakunin N.G. Chernyshevsky
The concept of socio-economic formation belongs to
Positivism
Marxism
Freudianism
Existentialism
Socio-economic formation is
Society with its own form of government
A society with its inherent economic basis and a political-legal superstructure rising above it
Local closed civilization
The set of relationships between people in a specific space
There are... socio-economic formations
According to the sociology of Marxism, the main driving force for the development of society is
Natural environment
Class struggle
The will of outstanding people
Struggle for existence
The philosopher who understood social progress as the development and change of socio-economic formations
G.V.F. Hegel
A. Toynbee
Defining relationships between people in Marxist philosophy
Production
Political
Legal
Ideological
A class capable of reorganizing society, according to K. Marx
Proletariat
Peasantry
Intelligentsia
Bourgeoisie
In Marxism, the main factor in the development of society is considered to be Population Geographical environment Will of the individual Method of production of material goods
Does not apply to the main types of social production:
Production of material goods
Production of social relations
Resource Production
Production of spiritual values
Eschatology is:
The doctrine of the convergence of socialism and capitalism
The doctrine of the ultimate destinies of the world and man
The doctrine of the future merger of all religions and confessions
The doctrine of retribution after death
According to G. Hegel, the true engine of history
Natural selection
Class struggle
World Spirit
The will of outstanding personalities
The essence of naturalism as an approach to explaining social life, consists in the provision that:
Material production is recognized as the determining factor in the development of society
Social life depends significantly on natural factors
The driving force behind the development of society is the ideas of great people
The development of society is subject to objective laws that do not depend on the consciousness and will of people
A factor that, according to social Darwinism, is the main driving force in the development of society
World Spirit
Class struggle
The will of outstanding people
Struggle for existence
Anthroposociogenesis is
The process of human socialization, the introduction of an individual to culture
The process of formation of a planetary civilization on the basis of reason
The co-evolution of nature and society taking place today
The process of formation of man and society, their separation from the natural world
According to Marxism, the main factor of anthropogenesis is
Own
Moral
Gradual changes in society and nature
Revolution
Stagnation
Inflation
Evolution
Movement in the direction from more perfect to less perfect
Progress
Revolution
Stagnation
Social progress is
Level of development of society
The state of society as a whole at a certain stage of development
The progressive movement of society from simple forms to more complex ones
Industrial development
Deep qualitative changes in the development of any phenomena of nature, society or knowledge that occur over a relatively short period time
Revolution
Movement
Evolution
There are five main types of social communities. Please note which of the six types of communities listed below is incorrectly named here?
Ethnic
Territorial
Professional
State
Demographic
Class
Social consciousness is
The sum of many individual consciousnesses
Reflection of social life
A theory put forward by ideologues to justify the policies of their class
A set of habits, customs and traditions
Which of the following is not a form of social consciousness?
Theology
Philosophy
What is produced within the spiritual sphere of society? Give the most complete and accurate answer.
Aesthetic and artistic values
Information and spiritual meanings
Intelligent Services
Scientific and religious knowledge
Ideology is
The science of the most general laws of development of nature and society
System of views on the world as a whole
Theoretical expression of the interests of a particular group of people
The totality of individual consciousnesses
Ideology refers to
Material and production sphere
Social sphere
Scientific field
Spiritual realm
The totality of public feelings, emotions, moods
Social consciousness
Social existence
Social psychology
Social ideology
Does not relate to the most important dimensions of spirituality
Aestheticism
Theoreticism
Pluralism
Interest is
Specific, conscious need
Need in material benefits
Need for spiritual values and information
Unconscious desire, desire
Interest in painting is a concretization
Aesthetic needs
Moral need
Religious needs
Cognitive needs
The phenomenon to which this definition refers: “The totality of material and spiritual values, as well as methods of their creation, transmission from one generation to another”
civilization
practice
culture
The most important functions of culture cannot be considered
Succession function
Adaptive (protective) function
Educational function
Destructive function
Not a problem studied by the philosophy of history
The problem of the driving forces of social development
The problem of typology of societies
The problem of the emergence of society
The problem of the structure (structure) of society
The formational approach to the problem of the historical development of society states that:
The formation of history occurs cyclically, it has its ups and downs
The development of different civilizations is so original that they cannot even be compared with each other
World history is united, each society successively passes through a number of stages in its development, the same for all societies
History has a general meaning, the essence of which lies in the thesis: “Every people, every state must determine its own destiny”
He adhered to the formational approach to the analysis of social development
A. Toynbee
P. Sorokin
IN AND. Lenin
O. Spengler
There is no single history of humanity, there is only the history of local civilizations according to:
formational approach
civilizational approach
cultural approach
Marxist approach
According to ... approach, there is no single history of humanity, there is only the history of local cultures
Civilizational
Formational
Cultural
Marxist
According to Spengler, civilization is
The final stage in the development of culture
The era of “blooming”, the highest flowering of culture
Period of emergence, birth of culture
Synonym for spiritual culture
Problems of war and peace, demographic and environmental modern world, are called... problems.
Local
National
Global
People's
Global problems are Problems for which science has not yet found a solution. Problems on the solution of which the survival of all mankind depends. Inherent only in developing and former socialist countries. Ecological problems
Which of the following problems is not a global problem?
The problem of combating international terrorism
Birth control problem
The problem of environmental conservation
The problem of nuclear waste disposal
Growing interdependence of different regions of the world
Technologization
Globalization
Institutionalization
Divergence
The birth rate is slightly higher than the death rate
Birth and death rates are approximately equal
Mortality significantly exceeds birth rate
The birth rate significantly exceeds the death rate
Philosophy, the range of its problems and its role in society. Historical types worldview - 28
Philosophy Ancient East. - 10
Ancient philosophy. - 33
Philosophy of the Middle Ages – 20
Philosophy of the Renaissance. - 12
Philosophy of New Time and Enlightenment. - thirty
German classical philosophy. - 18
Modern western philosophy. - 16
Stages of development and characteristic features of Russian philosophy. - 78
Philosophical understanding of the world. Ontology. - 25
Philosophy of consciousness (psychoanalysis). - 15
Cognition as a subject philosophical analysis. - 17
Dialectics.- 22
Science, methods and forms of scientific knowledge. - thirty
Philosophy about the essence and purpose of man. Anthropology. - 28
Social philosophy - 47
Total questions : 429 questions.
SUBJECT OF PHILOSOPHY
1. From Greek the word “philosophy” is translated as:
love of wisdom
2. For the first time he used the word “philosophy” and called himself a “philosopher”:
3. Determine the time of emergence of philosophy:
VII-VI centuries. BC.
4. The fundamentals of being, problems of knowledge, the purpose of man and his position in the world are studied by:
philosophy
5. Worldview form of social consciousness, rationally substantiating the ultimate foundations of existence, including society and law:
philosophy
6. The worldview function of philosophy is that:
philosophy helps a person understand himself, his place in the world
7. Worldview is:
a set of views, assessments, emotions that characterize a person’s attitude to the world and to himself
8. What is the meaning of G. Hegel’s statement that “philosophy is an epoch grasped by thought”?
The course of history depends on the direction of thinking of philosophers
9. The defining feature of a religious worldview is:
belief in supernatural, otherworldly forces that have the ability to influence the course of events in the world
11.What is characteristic of the epistemic line in philosophy?
viewing reality as constantly evolving
12. Ontology is:
the doctrine of existence, its fundamental principles
13. Epistemology is:
the doctrine of nature, the essence of knowledge
14. Anthropology is:
doctrine of man
15. Axiology is:
doctrine of values
16. Ethics is:
the doctrine of morality and moral values
17. Section of philosophy in which problems of knowledge are developed
Epistemology
18.According to Marxist philosophy, the essence of the main question of philosophy is:
relation of consciousness to matter
19. Idealism is characterized by the following statement:
consciousness is primary, matter does not exist independently of consciousness
20.Dualism is characterized by the following thesis:
matter and consciousness are two principles that exist independently of each other
21.Who owns this statement: “I claim that there are no things. We're just used to talking about things; in fact, there is only my thinking, there is only my “I” with its inherent sensations. The material world only seems to us, is it just a certain way of talking about our feelings?
To the subjective idealist
22.What historical type of worldview are we talking about here: “This is a holistic worldview, in which various ideas are linked into a single figurative picture of the world, combining reality and fantasy, the natural and the supernatural, knowledge and faith, thought and emotions”?
23. Some Christian theologians claim that the whole world. The entire Universe was created by God in six days, and God himself is a disembodied intellect, an all-perfect Personality. What philosophical direction does this view of the world correspond to?
Objective idealism
24. A representative would agree with the statement: “Thinking is the same product of the activity of the brain as bile is a product of the activity of the liver”:
vulgar materialism
25. Agnosticism is:
doctrine that denies the knowability of the essence of the objective world
26. Agnosticism is:
direction in the theory of knowledge, which believes that adequate knowledge of the world is impossible
27. They deny the possibility of knowing the world:
agnostics
28. The direction of Western European philosophy, which denies the cognitive value of philosophy, the presence of its own, original subject:
positivism
PHILOSOPHY OF THE ANCIENT EAST
29. The law of retribution in Indian religion and religious philosophy, which determines the nature of the new birth of reincarnation:
30.Name of the founder of Buddhism, meaning awakened, enlightened:
31.Name of the founder of Buddhism
Sidhartha
32. The central concept of Buddhism and Jainism, meaning the highest state, the goal of human aspirations:
33. The concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting the masculine, bright and active principle:
34. The concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting the feminine, dark and passive principle:
35.The idea of a “noble husband” as an ideal person was developed by:
Confucius
36. What do the concepts of Brahman in Vedanta and apeiron in the philosophy of Anaximander mean:
Higher intelligence
37. In the philosophy of Heraclitus, the word Logos means world law, world order, to which everything that exists is subordinated. Which concept of Chinese philosophy has the same meaning:
38.What does the concept of “dharma” mean in traditional Indian philosophy:
An eternal moral law that prescribes from above for everyone a certain way of life.
39.Ancient Indian philosophical texts include
Upanishads
40.Ancient Chinese philosophical texts include
Tao Te Ching
41.In Indian philosophy - the total sum of committed actions and their consequences, which determines the nature of the new birth
42.Chinese philosopher, founder of Taoism
43.The golden rule of morality: “What you don’t wish for yourself, don’t do to others” was first formulated:
Confucius
PHILOSOPHY OF ANCIENT GREECE
44.Chronological framework for the development of ancient philosophy:
VI century BC – VI century AD
45.The basic principle of ancient philosophy was:
cosmocentrism
46.The main problem solved by the philosophers of the Milesian school:
problem from the beginning
47. Thesis belonging to the thinker Thales:
"Know Thyself"
48. Thesis belonging to the thinker Thales
"The beginning of all things is water"
49. Anaximenes took the first principle of all things
50.The statement: “Number is the essence and meaning of everything that is in the world” belongs to:
Pythagoras
51. Follower of Pythagoras, the first to draw the system of the world and place the Central Fire at the center of the universe
Parmenides
52. For the first time the concept of being was used in philosophy
Parmenides
53. Movement, any change is only an illusion of the sensory world, they argued:
54. Representatives of which philosophical school posed the problem of being, contrasted the world of feelings with the world of reason and argued that movement, any change is only an illusion of the sensory illusory world:
Eleatic
55.What do you think, the hypothetical dispute of which philosophers was depicted by A.S. Pushkin in the poem “Movement”?
Zeno and Heraclitus
56. An ancient philosopher who believed that you cannot enter the same river twice:
Heraclitus
57.Which of the ancient philosophers taught that everything develops, that the first cause of the world and its fundamental principle is fire, that you cannot enter the same river twice?
Heraclitus
58. The concept of “Logos” in the philosophical teachings of Heraclitus means:
Universal law, the action of which everything in the world is subject to
59. For the first time expressed the idea of the atomic structure of matter:
Democritus
60. The statement: “Man is the measure of all things” belongs to:
Protagoras
62.Knowledge according to Socrates is identical:
virtues
63.The essence of Socrates’ “ethical rationalism”:
virtue is the result of knowing what is good, while lack of virtue is the result of ignorance
64.Objective-idealistic philosophy was founded by:
Plato
65. In antiquity, the merit of the discovery of the supersensible world of ideas belongs to:
66. In Plato’s philosophy, how does the idea of a “horse” differ from a real, living, real horse? Please indicate the wrong answer.
The idea is immortal, eternal, the real horse is mortal
67. In Plato’s philosophy, the idea of a “horse” differs from a real, living horse in that:
the idea is material, the real horse is ideal
68. The statement that the soul before the birth of a person was in the world of ideas, therefore in the process of cognition it is able to remember them, belongs to:
69. The source of knowledge is the soul’s recollection of the world of ideas, believed:
70. Philosopher who considered logic the main tool of knowledge:
Aristotle
71. Philosopher, student of Plato:
Aristotle
Aristotle
73.According to Aristotle, the human soul does not include
Mineral soul
74.The essence of the ethical teaching of Epicurus is that:
you need to enjoy life
75.Roman poet, follower of Epicurus, author of the poem “On the Nature of Things”
76.The statement: “It’s not what happens to us that matters, but how we relate to it” corresponds to the worldview:
77.Roman philosopher, teacher of Nero, author of “Letters to Lucillius”, representative of Stoicism
78. The philosopher who lived in a barrel considered himself a “citizen of the world” and called for poverty and ignorance
Diogenes of Sinope
MEDIEVALISM
79.A characteristic feature of medieval philosophy is:
theocentrism
80.Which of the following features is not characteristic of medieval philosophical thought?
81. Theocentrism is a worldview position based on the idea of primacy:
82. Philosophy in the Middle Ages occupied a subordinate position in relation to:
theology
83. The set of religious doctrines and teachings about the essence and action of God:
theology
84.Works of early Christian literature not included in the biblical canon, i.e. recognized by the official church as “false”
Apocrypha
85.Eschatology is
86. Savior, deliverer from troubles, anointed of God
87. Restriction or suppression of sensual desires, voluntary enduring of physical pain, loneliness:
asceticism
88. The worldview principle, according to which the world was created by God out of nothing, is called:
Creationism
89. Teaching about the salvation of the soul
Soteriology
90. The principle according to which God determines the entire course of history and the fate of each person
Creationism
91.The main task of Christian apologists was to:
In justifying the advantages of Christianity over paganism
92.The name of the period of creative ministry of the “Church Fathers” ( III - VIII centuries) who laid the foundations of Christian philosophy and theology; in their In the works of confrontation-dialogue with Greco-Roman philosophy, the formation of a system of Christian dogma takes place:
patristics
93. Outstanding representative of patristics, author of the books “Confession”, “About the City of God”
Augustine
94. “Six Days” is a book that set out:
Christian ontology and cosmogony
95.Scholasticism is:
a type of philosophizing characterized by speculativeness and the primacy of logical and epistemological problems
96. Features such as speculativeness, interest in formal-logical problems, subordination to theology are inherent in:
scholasticism
97. Representative of medieval philosophy:
Thomas Aquinas
98. Representative of medieval Western European philosophy:
F. Aquinas
99.The art of interpretation of sacred texts, developed in the Middle Ages
Exegesis
100. The problem of proving the existence of God was one of the central ones for
Thomas Aquinas
RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY
101. The era of restoration of the ideals of antiquity in Europe:
Renaissance
102.The most important feature of the philosophical thought and culture of the Renaissance is:
anthropocentrism
103.A characteristic feature of Renaissance philosophy is:
anthropocentrism
104. In what city was the Platonic Academy revived in the 15th century?
Florence
105. Type of worldview, according to which man is the center and highest goal of the universe:
anthropocentrism
106. The main object of study, the measure of things and relationships in the Renaissance:
107.The secular worldview position of the Renaissance, opposed to scholasticism and the spiritual domination of the church:
humanism
108. The opposition of an individual to society is typical for:
individualism
109.The type of worldview characteristic of the Renaissance, which is based on the opposition of the individual to society:
111.Representative of Renaissance philosophy:
112. The propositions about the infinity of the Universe in time and space, about the identity of God and nature were substantiated by:
Petrarch
114. Renaissance philosophy is characterized by
nostalgia for ancient culture
115. The doctrine developed during the Renaissance, and asserting the identity of God and nature, that “nature is God in things”
Pantheism
EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHY 17-18 centuries.
116. Liberation from church influence
Secularization
117.Philosophical direction that recognizes reason as the basis of human cognition and behavior
Rationalism
118.The basic claim of rationalism is that
The mind plays a priority role in human cognitive activity
119.Features of rationalism XVII V. determined
Mathematics
120.French philosopher, also the creator of algebra and analytical geometry
R. Descartes
121.Dualistic philosophy is characteristic of
R. Descartes
122. On the question of substance, Rene Descartes adhered to
Dualism
123. The statement: “I think, therefore I exist” was expressed by
R. Descartes
124.What does the original thesis of Descartes’ philosophy mean, which in Latin sounds like “ cogito ergo sum »?
if I think, therefore I exist
125. The idea “never accept as true something that I do not clearly know to be true” belongs to:
R.Descartes
126. The main statement of empiricism
All human knowledge is based on experience
127.The direction that considers sensory experience to be the only source of our knowledge about the world
Sensationalism
129.The main method of scientific knowledge, according to F. Bacon, should be
Induction
130. F. Bacon’s division of experiments into “fruitful” and “luminous” corresponds to the division of knowledge into:
Sensual and rational
131.According to Francis Bacon, any knowledge must:
rely on experience and move from the individual to the general
132. Philosopher who believed that a child’s mind is like a blank slate tabula rasa
133. “War of all against all” is a natural state, he believed
134. Adhered to the theory of “social contract”
135. Philosopher who took the so-called “monads” as the basis of existence
G. Leibniz
136. Simple indivisible substance according to Leibniz
137.A representative of subjective idealism is:
J. Berkeley
138. The central philosophical problem of D. Hume
Cognition
139. The central problem in the philosophy of the French Enlightenment
Human
140.The main idea of the philosophy of the French Enlightenment
The priority of reason as the highest authority in solving problems of human society
141.One of the most important ideas of French philosophy of the Enlightenment cannot be considered
The idea of equality of all people
142.The essence of deism is
Reducing the role of God to the creation of matter and the first impulse
143. Representative of the philosophy of the French Enlightenment
J.-J. Rousseau
144. “Man was born to be free, and yet everywhere he is in chains,” asserted
J.-J. Rousseau
145.The cause of inequality in human society is J.-J. Rousseau believed
Own
146.French philosopher, supporter of sensationalism
147.The center of the European Enlightenment in the mid-18th century was
148.The idea of the rule of law includes the provision of
Separation of powers
149.French philosopher who believed in the omnipotence of education and argued that people from birth have equal abilities
GERMAN CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY
150.Chronological framework of German classical philosophy
152.The most important philosophical work of Immanuel Kant
"Critique of Practical Reason"
153.The subject of theoretical philosophy according to I. Kant should be research:
laws of reason and its boundaries
154.According to I. Kant, in order for knowledge to be reliable, it must:
to be universal and necessary
155. I. Kant believes that space and time:
there are innate, pre-experimental forms of sensuality
156. In the philosophy of I. Kant, a “thing in itself” is
That which causes sensations in us, but cannot itself be known
157. In the philosophy of I. Kant, antinomies take place where, with the help of human reason, they try to draw conclusions about:
the world of “things in themselves”
you would like them to act towards you
159. The statement: “Act in such a way that the maxim of your will can at the same time become the principle of universal legislation” belongs to
160. According to I. Kant, for the formation of a person as a moral being, it is of fundamental importance
Moral duty
G.W.F.Hegel
162. The philosophy of G. Hegel is characterized by:
panlogism
163. Hegel’s theory of development, which is based on the unity and struggle of opposites, is called:
dialectics
164.Reality, which forms the basis of the world, according to Hegel:
Absolute idea
165. Representative of German classical philosophy:
L. Feuerbach
166. Which of the following thinkers is not a representative of German classical philosophy?
167.The representative of materialism is
L. Feuerbach
168. Divided reality into the “world of things in themselves” and the “world of phenomena”
169.Not a characteristic feature of German classical philosophy
Denial of transcendental, divine existence
170. A thinker who lived his entire life in Koenigsberg and taught at the university there
171.According to Hegel, the true engine of world history is
World Spirit
WESTERN EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHY 19-20 centuries.
172.Philosophical direction that denies or limits the role of reason in knowledge, highlighting will, contemplation, feeling, intuition
Irrationalism
173.Philosophical direction, which claims that the mind only floats on the surface of things, while the essence of the world is revealed to us through intuition, experience, understanding
Philosophy of life
174. Representatives of the “philosophy of life” include
175. Considered will as the main principle of life and knowledge
A. Schopenhauer
176.Arthur Schopenhauer considered substance, the fundamental principle of the world
The will to live
177. The central concept of A. Bergson’s philosophical teaching is the vital impulse (é lan vital ). Its knowledge is possible with the help of:
Friedrich Nietzsche
179. Founder of positivism
Auguste Comte
Marxism
Pragmatism
182.Irrationalistic direction in philosophy XX century
Existentialism
183.The term “existentialism” comes from the French word, which translated into Russian means
Existence
184.The form of being that is the focus of existentialism
Individual human existence
185. The provisions about the absolute freedom of man, his abandonment and loneliness, about the borderline situation that can reveal the true essence of man, were substantiated in philosophy
Existentialism
186.The direction of philosophy in which man is viewed as a self-determining, self-creating being
Existentialism
187. The existentialist view of man corresponds to the statement that
Man is doomed to be free and bear absolute responsibility for his actions.
RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHY
188. The most important features of Russian philosophy cannot be attributed
Pre-systematic, pre-logical character
189. One of the cross-cutting ideas of Russian philosophy is the idea of apocatastasis, the essence of which is
The salvation of all people without exception: both righteous and sinners
190.The characteristic features of Russian philosophy include:
Empiricism
191. Supreme god in Slavic mythology, creator of the Universe, manager of rain and thunderstorms, patron of family and home
192.Old Russian thought is characterized by:
Revaluation of external material existence
193.The pre-philosophy of Kievan Rus is characterized by:
mysticism
194.The date of adoption of Orthodoxy in Rus' is considered
195. The city in which, according to the Tale of Bygone Years, Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavich was baptized
196. Kievan Rus took over the “cultural baton” from:
Golden Horde
197.The double-headed eagle was first adopted as the state symbol of Russia
Ivan III in the 15th century
198.The genre of social utopia in ancient Russian literature includes
"A Word on Law and Grace"
199. Sergius of Radonezh was a contemporary
Battle of Kulikovo
200.The famous Russian icon painter is:
Feofan the Greek
"Trinity"
202. “The Sermon on Law and Grace” was written by
203. First substantiated the ideology “Moscow – the Third Rome”
204.The initiator of the correction of church books, which was the reason for the schism, was:
Patriarch Nikon
205.The founder of Russian book printing is:
I. Fedorov
206.Spiritual leader of non-possessors
Nil Sorsky
207. They opposed the ownership of land by monasteries; they believed that the accumulation of wealth was contrary to monastic vows
non-acquisitive
208.Code of the feudal way of life, which prescribed how to build a family and run a household, created in Rus' in the 16th century
"Domostroy"
209. Archpriest Avvakum was a spiritual leader
schismatics
210. In “Vertograd the Multicolored” Simeon of Polotsk likens the world
211.One of the first supporters of the idea of Pan-Slavism (unification of all Slavs)
Yuri Krizhanich
212. Companion of Peter the Great, Archbishop of Novgorod, author of the “Spiritual Regulations”
Feofan Prokopovich
213.The Russian Academy of Sciences was founded in
214. A supporter of deistic materialism in Russian philosophy was
M.V. Lomonosov
215.When Moscow University was opened, its three faculties did not include:
physical
216. Freemasonry was brought to Russia from:
217.One of the central ideas of Freemasonry includes:
Improving man through personal and collective self-knowledge
218.According to contemporaries, “he created in us a love of science and a desire to read”
N.I. Novikov
219. Nicknamed “Russian Socrates”
G.S. frying pan
220.According to G.S. Skovoroda, all reality falls into three worlds, of which this is not the case:
society
221.The work “About Man, His Mortality and Immortality,” which is one of the first philosophical and anthropological works in the history of Russian thought, was written
A.N. Radishchev
222.The question of the role and place of Russia in the history of mankind was raised in the “Philosophical Letters”:
P. Chaadaev
223.The first “Philosophical Letter” was published in the magazine
Telescope
224. The main ideas of the “Philosophical Letters” cannot be attributed
Following the Christian commandments as the only path to salvation, to the Kingdom of Heaven
225. Was declared Emperor Nicholas I crazy for his philosophical views
P.Ya. Chaadaev
226.Who owns the following pessimistic lines: “Alone in the world, we gave nothing to the world, took nothing from the world, we did not contribute in any way to the forward movement of the human mind, and we distorted everything that we got from this movement. Since the very first moments of our social existence, nothing suitable for the common good of people has come from us, not a single useful thought has sprouted in the barren soil of our homeland, not a single great truth has been brought forward from our midst”?
P.Ya. Chaadaev
227.The main idea of Westernism is
Russia must develop along the European path
228.Spiritual leader of Westerners
A.I. Herzen
229.The ideology of the party is closest to the views of the “Westerners”
Union of Right Forces
230. The central idea of philosophy I.V. Kireevsky
Integrity of spiritual life
231.The ideological head of the Slavophiles was
A.S. Khomyakov
232.The representative of Slavophilism was
I.S. Kireevsky
233.The belief that the salvation of the West lies in the adoption of Orthodoxy is closest to the worldview:
Slavophiles
234. Belief in the moral purity of the Russian peasantry is characteristic of:
Slavophiles
The term “conciliarity” in Slavophil philosophy means
Free unity of people in Christ
A true hymn to freedom can be recognized
“The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor” by F.M. Dostoevsky
The words “beauty will save the world” belong to
F.M. Dostoevsky
The meaning of Dostoevsky's parable about the “tear of a child” from the novel “The Brothers Karamazov” is that
World harmony is not worth even one human life
F.M. Dostoevsky
Philosophical doctrine founded by Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy
Ethics of nonviolence
The main moral rule from the point of view of L.N. Tolstoy
Don't resist evil
The country where Vladimir Solovyov for the third time met with the vision of Sophia as an image of eternal femininity and the wisdom of God
Vladimir Solovyov
244.Concept…. characteristic of Vl. S. Solovyova.
Unity
One of the main ideas of the philosophy of unity
Inadmissibility of any forms of violence in public and state life
The highest, most perfect form of love, according to V.S. Solovyov, is
Love between a man and a woman
Domestic thinker who first created a comprehensive philosophical system based on Christian humanism
V.S. Soloviev
Russian thinker, who in his work “Names” argued that there is a deep connection between a name and its bearer
P.A. Florensky
One of the main works of S.N. Bulgakov
"Non-evening light"
Representative of Russian Marxism
G.V. Plekhanov
IN AND. Lenin developed the doctrine of Russia as
The weak link in the chain of imperialism
The founder of Russian cosmism is considered
Nikolay Fedorov
253. Representatives of “Russian cosmism” are:
K. Tsiolkovsky, V. Vernadsky
According to N.F. Fedorov, the highest moral duty of earthlings, the central task of all people is to
Eliminating suffering on earth
Synthesis of philosophical and scientific teachings, united by the idea of the relationship between man and nature, humanity and the Universe
One of the basic rules of “cosmic ethics” by K.E. Tsiolkovsky
Kill the sufferer
The basic concept of epistemology V.I. Vernadsky
Empirical generalization
The noosphere is
Sphere of the Mind
Founder of space ecology and heliobiology
A.L. Chizhevsky
Russian philosopher, who wrote in the book “Self-Knowledge”: “The originality of my philosophical type lies primarily in the fact that I laid the foundation of philosophy not being, but freedom.”
Nikolay Berdyaev
The Russian thinker... in his work “Self-Knowledge” stated that he laid the foundation of philosophy not on being, but on freedom.
ON THE. Berdyaev
The reason, the primary source of evil in the world according to N.A. Berdyaev
Government
The dualism of spirit and matter, God and nature is characteristic of philosophy
ON THE. Berdyaev
According to L. Shestov, a person can achieve the impossible only thanks to
Faith in God
According to L. Shestov, the main enemies of man in the “struggle for the impossible” are
Reason and Morality
ONTOLOGY
266. The basis of being, existing in itself independently of anything else,
Substance
267. The equality of the material and spiritual principles of existence proclaims
268. The existence of many initial foundations and principles of being is affirmed
Pluralism
269. Statement corresponding to the metaphysical understanding of matter
Matter is eternal, uncreated and indestructible
270.The atomic hypothesis of the structure of matter was first put forward by:
Democritus
271.Matter is the primary source of being, states
Materialism
273.In Marxism, matter is interpreted as
Substance
274.Which of the following does not apply to the attributes of matter?
Stability
275. Ideal phenomena include
276. An inherent essential property of a thing, phenomenon, object is called
Attribute
277. Method of existence of matter
Movement
278. Does not apply to the attributes of matter
279. The highest form of motion of matter is
Social movement
280.The essence of the cosmogonic hypothesis of the “Big Bang” is the assumption that
The universe came into being as a result of the explosion of a microscopic particle
281. The sequence of states reflects the category
282. Form of existence of matter, expressing its extension, structure, coexistence and interaction of elements in all material systems
Space
Defended the substantial concept of space and time
The essence of the relational concept of space and time is that
Space and time depend on material processes
Which concept of time does not allow the possibility of creating a “time machine”?
Dynamic
The most important specific property of biological time
Anthropicity
The most important specific property of biological space
Uniformity
The totality of natural conditions for the existence of man and society
Which of the following pairs of adjectives is not used in the philosophical analysis of nature?
pristine and man-made
Which of the named scientists-philosophers first established that solar activity affects people’s well-being?
Chizhevsky
PHILOSOPHY OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Reflection is (choose the most complete and accurate definition)
The property of matter to imprint the characteristics of objects affecting it
Sensations, perceptions, concepts, thinking are included in the structure:
consciousness
Reflection is:
reflection of a person about himself
The most complex form of reflection is
Consciousness
The ability of living organisms to navigate the external world and manage their activities
Consciousness
The thinker whose name is usually associated with the discovery of the sphere of the unconscious in the human psyche
Method developed by S. Freud
Psychoanalysis
Does not belong to the main methods of studying the unconscious in psychoanalysis
Belief Analysis
In the personality structure, S. Freud identifies
It, Super-I, I
300. One of the authorities that Sigmund Freud identified in the structure of personality
301. Sigmund Freud identified three levels in the structure of the mental apparatus. Among the authorities listed below, indicate the extra one, i.e. one that Freud did not single out.
In Freud's psychoanalysis it refers to:
sphere of the unconscious
A dream according to S. Freud is:
symbolic
A thinker who believed that man is driven primarily by sexual instincts
According to Carl Rogers, the self-concept consists of four main elements. Which of the following is not one of them?
I am a mirror
EPISTEMOLOGY
306. Epistemology considers
Limits and possibilities of human knowledge
307. Reliable knowledge about the world is impossible, says
Skepticism
308. Carrier of deliberate, purposeful activity
309.The cognitive attitude consists of three main aspects (elements). Indicate which of the indicated sides is the odd one here?
The purpose of knowledge
310.Does not belong to the types of means of cognition
Technical
311. Absoluteness, relativity, specificity, objectivity are the main properties
Spaces
312. Consistency refers to the next scientific criterion
Logical
313.If the empirical consequences predicted by theory are not found in practice, then they talk about
Approbation of knowledge
314.It is impossible to falsify:
existence of God
315. The hypothesis about:
existence of life on Mars
316.Coherence is
Self-consistency of knowledge
317. Heuristic refers to
Probabilistic criteria of scientific character
318.Knowledge corresponding to reality, adequately reflecting reality
319.Criterion of truth in Marxist philosophy
Practice
320.According to the pragmatic concept of truth, truth is
What is useful, what helps us solve problems successfully
321.The ability to comprehend truth by directly observing it without resorting to logical arguments
Intuition
322. In the modern theory of knowledge, the rethinking of the knowing subject follows the path
Abstractions from a person’s personal qualities
DIALECTICS
323.Dialectics is
The doctrine of development and universal interconnections
324.Philosophical doctrine of the development of being and knowledge, based on the resolution of contradictions
Dialectics
325.Name the philosopher who is considered the founder of ancient dialectics
Heraclitus
326. Hegel’s theory of development, which is based on the unity and struggle of opposites
Dialectics
327.Dialectical materialism - doctrine
Marxism
328.Dialectics differs from metaphysics
Understanding development
329.Metaphysics is
The view according to which the world or a separate part of it is viewed as unchanging, qualitatively constant
330. The most general fundamental concepts
331. Philosophical principle stating that all phenomena are connected to each other by causal connections and condition each other
The principle of unity and struggle of opposites
332. An essential, necessary, repeating, stable connection between phenomena is called
333. First formulated the laws of dialectics
G.V.F. Hegel
334. One of the basic principles of dialectics
Development principle
335.Not a law of dialectics
The Law of the Intertwining of Causes and Effects
336. Dialectical source of self-movement and development of nature, society and knowledge
Contradiction
337.The key point of the dialectical concept is the principle
Controversies
338. The law of dialectics, answering the question about the source of development
The law of unity and struggle of opposites
339. The law of dialectics, revealing the source of self-motion and development of the objective world and knowledge,
Unity and struggle of opposites
340. The law of dialectics, revealing the most general mechanism of development
Transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones
341. The law of dialectics, characterizing the direction, form and result of the development process
Negations of negations
Development
343. The totality of essential necessary properties of a thing constitute it:
Quality
344. The internal content of an object in the unity of all its properties and relationships is expressed by the category
Entities
345.Theory of self-organization of complex systems
Synergetics
NATURE OF SCIENCE, FORMS AND METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
346.Theory scientific cognition is called
Epistemology
347. Which of the following is not one of the main features of scientific knowledge?
irrefutability
348.According to its functional purpose and research purposes, knowledge is divided into
Fundamental and applied
349. One of the founders of the philosophy of technology
P. Engelmeyer
350.The Greek word "techne" originally meant
art, craftsmanship
351. Sensory cognition differs from rational cognition in that
The first is based on sensations, the second on reason.
352. The original, simplest form of sensory knowledge
Feeling
353.Form of rational knowledge:
354. Thought that identifies and generalizes objects based on an indication of their essential and necessary properties
355.A statement in which something is affirmed or denied
Refutation
356. A form of thinking that reflects the presence of a connection between an object and its attribute, between objects, as well as the fact of the existence of an object
Judgment
357.Form of empirical knowledge
Hypothesis
358. Statement based on the combination of many related facts
Empirical generalization
359. Scientific assumption, assumption that needs additional justification
Hypothesis
360. The highest form of organization of scientific knowledge, giving a holistic idea of the patterns and essential connections of a certain area of reality
361.The most important functions of scientific theory include
Systematizing
362.Scientific hypothesis refers to
Conceptual means of cognition
363. This definition: “The study of an object under controlled or artificially created conditions” refers to:
experiment
364. Deliberate, purposeful perception of an object, phenomenon in order to study its properties, characteristics of its course and behavior
Observation
365. Study of an object in controlled or artificially created conditions
Experiment
366. Making a general conclusion based on generalization of particular premises
Induction
367.Logical deduction of particular consequences from the general position
Induction
368. The process of transition from general premises to conclusions about particular cases
Deduction
369. Mental or real decomposition of an object into its component elements
370. The procedure for mentally dividing a whole into parts
371.Combining the elements of the object being studied, highlighted in the analysis, into a single whole
372.Method not used in scientific and technical knowledge
Hermeneutic
373.The approximate calculation method is most widely used in
Mathematical Sciences
374.Identification of cause-and-effect relationships, subsuming individual phenomena under a general law is characteristic of
Explanations
375.According to T. Kuhn, “a scientific achievement recognized by all, which over a period of time provides the scientific community with a model for posing problems and solving them”
Paradigm
377.For the first time he defined man as a “social animal” ( zoon politikon )
Aristotle
378. The thought: “Man is the measure of all things” belongs
Protagoras
379. “This is social in nature, relatively stable and occurring throughout life, a psychological formation that represents a system of socially significant human traits.”
Personality
380.Personality is
Since the concept of “personality” is inseparable from the concept of “society” - every person is a potential personality
381.Personality is:
people are not born as individuals, they become individuals
382.Personality is:
product of social relations
383. A set of unique traits that distinguish a given individual from all others
Individuality
384. The highest ability of the subject, which directs the activity of the mind
385.Individual consciousness is
Reflection of the individual existence of a specific person
386. The priority of individuals over the social whole is affirmed
Individualism
387. The priority of the interests of society over the interests of the individual is characteristic of
Collectivism
388. The essence of the problem of the biological and social in man lies in the question
On the interaction and correlation of genes and upbringing
389. A negative attitude towards earthly life, viewing it as a continuous series of sufferings is characteristic of
Buddhism
390.For which of the following thinkers was the problem of the meaning of life not central?
I. Lakatos
391.The problem of the meaning of life was central to philosophy
V. Frankl
392.Who owns the following statements: “There is meaning for everyone and for everyone there is its own special meaning”, “Meaning cannot be created artificially, it can only be found”, “Our conscience guides us in the search for meaning”?
V. Frankl
393.Who do you think the following lines may belong to: “Any attempt to once again raise the spirit of the people in the concentration camp assumed that we would be able to direct them to some goal in the future. The one who could no longer believe in the future, in his own future, was lost. Along with the future, he also lost his spiritual core, broke internally and degraded both physically and mentally... However, the courage to live or, accordingly, fatigue from life turned out to depend each time solely on whether a person had faith in the meaning of life, his life. The motto of all psychotherapeutic work in a concentration camp could be the words of Nietzsche: “Whoever has For what live, can endure almost anything How »?
V. Frankl
394.What type of love does this description refer to: “This is a tender and soft feeling, selfless love-self-giving, embodied in the love of a mother for her child or in Christian love for her neighbor”?
395.Who do you think the following statement belongs to: “The idea of romantic love, according to which only one person in the world can be the object of true love and that the main task is to find this particular person, is erroneous. It is also not true that love for him, even if you are lucky enough to meet such a person, will result in a rejection of love for others. Love, which can be experienced in relation to only one person, this very fact shows that this is not love, but a symbiotic relationship.”
E. Fromm
396. Hedonistic love is a game that is not distinguished by the depth of feelings and manifests itself in the forms of flirting, coquetry, etc. (in ancient Greek culture)
397.The ethical meaning of the problem of euthanasia lies in the question
Does a person have the right to commit suicide?
398. “Everything in the world is predetermined, man is absolutely not free,” say representatives:
fatalism
399.According to… “everything in the world is predetermined, man is absolutely unfree”
Fatalism
400.The most ancient human ancestor (according to modern science)
Australopithecus
401.According to modern science Homo sapiens appeared on earth
100-150 thousand years ago
402.According to modern science, Australopithecus did not have
Articulate speech
403. Anthropoids are
Great apes
SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY
404.The philosophical direction has absolute the laws of mechanics in relation to social philosophy:
French materialism of the 18th century
405.Philosophical direction that absolutizes the laws of mechanics in relation to social philosophy
French materialism of the 18th century
406.Founder of sociology as a positive science
407.Karl Marx's main work:
"Capital"
408. Identified socio-economic class as the main element of the social structure of society
409. The concept of socio-economic formation belongs to
Marxism
410. Socio-economic formation is
A society with its inherent economic basis and a political-legal superstructure rising above it
411.There are... socio-economic formations
412.According to the sociology of Marxism, the main driving force for the development of society is
Class struggle
413. Philosopher who understood social progress as the development and change of socio-economic formations
414. Determining relationships between people, in Marxist philosophy
Production
415. A class capable of reorganizing society, according to K. Marx
Proletariat
416.In Marxism, the main factor in the development of society is considered
Method of production of material goods
417.Does not apply to the main types of social production:
Production of spiritual values
418.Eschatology is:
The doctrine of the ultimate destinies of the world and man
419.According to G. Hegel, the true engine of history
World Spirit
420.The essence of naturalism as an approach to explaining social life is the proposition that:
Social life depends significantly on natural factors
421.Factor which, according to social Darwinism, is the main driving force in the development of society
Class struggle
422. Anthroposociogenesis is
The process of formation of a planetary civilization on the basis of reason
423.According to Marxism, the main factor of anthropogenesis is
424. Gradual changes in society and nature
Evolution
425.Movement in the direction from more perfect to less perfect
426. Social progress is
The progressive movement of society from simple forms to more complex ones
427.Deep qualitative changes in the development of any phenomena of nature, society or knowledge, occurring in a relatively short period of time
Movement
427.There are five main types of social communities. Please note which of the six types of communities listed below is incorrectly named here?
State
428. Social consciousness is
The sum of many individual consciousnesses
429.Which of the following is not a form of social consciousness?
430.What is produced within the spiritual sphere of society? Give the most complete and accurate answer.
Information and spiritual meanings
431.Ideology is
The totality of individual consciousnesses
432.Ideology refers to
Social sphere
433. The totality of public feelings, emotions, moods
Social consciousness
434. Does not relate to the most important dimensions of spirituality
Pluralism
435.Interest is
Specific, conscious need
436. Interest in painting is a concretization
Aesthetic needs
437. The phenomenon to which this definition refers: “The totality of material and spiritual values, as well as methods of their creation, transmission from one generation to another”
culture
438.The most important functions of culture cannot be considered
Adaptive (protective) function
439.Not a problem studied by the philosophy of history
The problem of the structure (structure) of society
440.The formational approach to the problem of the historical development of society states that:
World history is one, each society successively goes through a number of stages in its development, the same for all societies
441.I adhered to a formational approach to the analysis of social development
A. Toynbee
442.There is no single history of humanity, there is only the history of local civilizations according to:
civilizational approach
443.According to... the approach, there is no single history of humanity, there is only the history of local cultures
Cultural
444.According to Spengler, civilization is
Synonym for spiritual culture
445.Problems of war and peace, demographic and environmental in the modern world, are called ... problems.
Global
446.Global problems are
Problems on the solution of which the survival of all humanity depends
447.Which of the following problems is not a global one?
The problem of combating international terrorism
448.Growing interdependence of different regions of the world
Globalization
449.In modern Russia
Mortality significantly exceeds birth rate
1. Philosophy, the range of its problems and its role in society. Historical types of worldview - 28
2. Philosophy of the Ancient East. - 10
3. Ancient philosophy. - 33
4. Philosophy of the Middle Ages – 20
5. Philosophy of the Renaissance. - 12
6. Philosophy of New Time and Enlightenment. - thirty
7. German classical philosophy. - 18
8. Modern Western philosophy. - 16
9. Stages of development and characteristic features of Russian philosophy. - 78
10. Philosophical understanding of the world. Ontology. - 25
11. Philosophy of consciousness (psychoanalysis). - 15
12. Cognition as a subject of philosophical analysis. - 17
13. Dialectics.- 22
14. Science, methods and forms of scientific knowledge. - thirty
15. Philosophy about the essence and purpose of man. Anthropology. - 28
16. Social philosophy - 47
Total questions : 429 questions.
Nature
