And falls into Dead Sea.

Dead Sea

The Dead Sea is a large and very salty sea. lake- a natural body of water, surrounded on all sides by land. It was called the sea in ancient times because big sizes, but it is nowhere connected to the ocean. The lake lies at the bottom of the deepest depression on Earth. The water level in the lake is 395 m lower than the water level in the ocean.

The water in the Dead Sea is ten times saltier than many real seas. Neither fish nor algae can live in such salty water. Crystal layers glitter on its shores, and people who don’t even know how to swim don’t drown. Salt water pushes them to the surface.

History of the Hebrew Kingdom

• OK. 1250 BC e. - Jews enter Canaanite land.
• OK. 1020 BC e. — Saul becomes king.
• OK. 1000-965 BC e. - reign of King David. The Philistines are defeated.
• OK. 965-928 BC e. - reign of King Solomon. Construction of the temple.
• OK. 926 BC e. - the single kingdom of Israel splits into two: Israel and Judah.
• 722 BC e. - The Assyrians conquer Israel.
• 587 BC e. - The Babylonians destroy Jerusalem. The people of Judah are taken into captivity.

In Palestine, between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, Jews have lived since ancient times. Ancient Jewish tribes roamed the desert near the land of Canaan. They grazed goats and sheep and grew bread. The history of the Jewish people is represented by a book sacred to many peoples - the Bible.

The Great Exodus

During a strong drought When there was no rain for a long time, the land dried up, and there was very little water left in the rivers and wells, the Jews, fleeing hunger, moved from Palestine to the fertile lands of the Nile Delta, to Egypt.

Many years later, the prophet Moses led them to the land of their ancestors. Led by Moses, they fled for a long time wandering through the desert between Red and Mediterranean seas, then crossed the desert and entered the land of Canaan. The long journey and the miracles that happened to them are described in the Bible. The escape of the Jews from Egypt remains in the annals of history as the Great Exodus. This is the oldest known migration of people.

Conquest of Canaan

Beans, lentils, garlic, onions and peas grew in the garden. Olives, figs, dates and pomegranates grew in the orchard. Goats gave milk and were used for meat.

In the courtyard there was an oven for baking bread, next to which the girls kneaded dough. Women also crushed olives to make oil and spun wool.

Ancient Hebrew architecture

Temple of King Solomon in Jerusalem

King Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem is built of limestone. The walls were lined with cedar brought from Phenicia. A portico was erected along the perimeter of the roof, and at the entrance to the temple there were two bronze columns. Phoenician artisans helped the ancient Jews build this temple.

Palestine - Kingdom of Israel and Judah

Kingdom of Israel and Judah

The name of Palestine, a historical region located in the southern part of the Eastern Mediterranean, comes from the Hebrew "pemiitim" (lit., "those who invaded") - Philistines. The word “Palestine” is first found in the writings of Herodotus (5th BC). In the 3rd millennium BC. Canaanite tribes settled here. In the 12th century. BC. The coast of Palestine was conquered by the Philistines. In the XV-XIV centuries. BC. tribes came to these lands khabiri- ancient Jews.

Geographical, natural conditions and the opportunities for human economic activity in Palestine were unequal. In the northern part of the country, in the river valley Jordan, there were good conditions for farming. The southern part of the country was occupied mainly by dry steppes, and cattle breeding was practiced here. Already in ancient times, sheep, goats, donkeys, and cattle were domesticated here.

The Jews who conquered Palestine were for a long time under the conditions of a tribal system. The social unit (mishpacha) was based on blood kinship. Land, property, slaves belonged to the entire clan, headed by an elder. The society was governed by the right of primogeniture and levirate. Primogeniture provided the eldest son with a privileged position in the family and the right to a double share of the inheritance of property. According to the custom of levirate, the widow had to marry the brother of her deceased husband. These customs limited the dispersion of the clan's property and contributed to its concentration among individuals.

Saul and David.

Hood. Yu. Kronberg. 1885

The land also belonged to the clan, the community. Each community had its own leader and priest (Levite). The community had to ransom its members if they were captured, and jointly bear forced government duties and labor. Land plots within the community were distributed by lot. Even the king could not take the land from the community and could only buy it. One day, King Ahaz took away his land from one community member, but this act of the king was declared illegal. Kings could increase their lands and distribute to their confidants, officials and military leaders only at the expense of lands captured during wars.

In the XI-X centuries. BC. the weakening of Egypt allowed Palestine to free itself from its yoke. Independent Jewish states were formed here. The first of them was Kingdom of Israel founded by the king Saul(Hebrew letters, borrowed from God), who was proclaimed king by the Israelite tribes in the 11th century. BC. Second kingdom - Jewish with its center in Hebron formed in 1004 BC. in southern Palestine the son of Saul David. He united both kingdoms into one Kingdom of Israel and Judah. The capital of this kingdom was the city Jerusalem. The fortress of Zion was located in Jerusalem. Having strengthened this fortress, King David made it his residence - the “city of David.”

David strengthened the state. Instead of a people's militia, he created a standing army. He created a state administrative apparatus consisting of a treasurer, scribes, judges, and tax collectors. During the same period, the first parts were formed Old Testament containing information about the history of Israel.

Already in the 3rd millennium BC. tribes in the northern part of the country switched to settled agriculture. Grain farming was developed - barley, wheat, millet, flax, and oats were grown here. Gardening was also developed. The country was famous for growing grapes, fig trees, and olives. Pomegranates and date palms grew well in the south.

Around 3500 BC Olive cultivation began in Palestine. Through many years of selection, modern varieties rich in oil have been developed from wild olives. Olive oil has been used as a food product and also for the production of medicines and cosmetics.

Palestinian wine was also known in many countries. The image of a vine and grape bunches was the emblem of Judea and was minted on ancient Hebrew coins.

Since ancient times, Judea has been famous for the cultivation of flax and the production of linen fabrics. This is evidenced by

King of Judah and soldiers

Linen products found in the Nahal Hemera cave are 8,500 years old.

Despite the hot climate, thanks to a well-designed irrigation system in this region, farmers grew moisture-loving crops such as flax. Thus, the remains of such a system of the 1st century were discovered in the Negev Desert. BC. Rainwater was collected in storage tanks and sent to the fields. Around the city of Ovdet, over an area of ​​80 km2, 17 thousand dams were built.

Palestine did not have any significant mineral resources or forests. The raw material base for crafts was limited. There was a lot of stone and clay in the country. Therefore, the production of products from these materials has received great development. Palestinian stonemasons and potters were famous in the Middle East.

In the northern part of the Sinai Peninsula in the Negev mines in the 2nd millennium BC. mined copper ore. In the 10th century BC. under King Solomon, these shafts reached 6 m in diameter and were connected by galleries. This is the very first mine-gallery system for developing copper ores on the planet.

Since ancient times, individual cities have specialized in the production of certain types of products.

For example, weaving center - King Solomon on the throne

we were Jerusalem and Tel Beit Mirsim. Fabrics were made from wool and linen. Outside the country, Palestinian patterned fabrics and clothing were valued.

Already in the 3rd millennium BC. In Palestine, furnaces for melting glass were built and there was a transition from casting small products to blowing. The first blown glass products, dating back to 50 BC, were made in Jerusalem.

In the 7th century BC. in Palestine, they developed a technology for making writing material from camel skins, which much later received the name parchment.

King Solomon's merchant ship (reconstruction)

Located at the intersection of important trade routes between Egypt and the northern and eastern countries, Palestine already in the 3rd millennium BC. actively involved in world trade. Leathers, wheat, flax, olive oil, fruits, wine, wax, wool, ceramics, purple, myrrh, and medicines were exported from the country. They imported metal, metal vessels, wood, and ivory.

Crafts and trade became the basis for the formation of numerous cities. The first cities appeared in Palestine about 10 thousand years ago. The oldest of them is Jericho. By the 7th

Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem (reconstruction)

thousand BC it was a large fortified city at that time with a population of 2 thousand people. The city was surrounded by a stone wall 9 m wide. In the center of the fortress stood a stone tower with a spiral staircase inside. From the 3rd millennium BC there is a city Lachish, ancient cities also Megiddo And Beth Shan.

The Kingdom of Israel and Judah reached economic prosperity in the 10th century. BC. under the king Solomon(964-926 BC). At this time, there were no wars, administrative reforms were carried out, the country, for ease of administration, was divided into 12 districts corresponding to tribal territories, headed by special officials who were also in charge of collecting taxes and performing state duties. Having strengthened peaceful ties with his neighbors, Solomon developed foreign trade. He organized trade routes to Arabia, from where gold, ivory, gems. Grain and oil were exported outside the country.

The accumulation of wealth in the country allowed significant construction works. Large palace premises were built in Jerusalem, a famous temple in honor of the god Yahweh was built and richly decorated, and fortresses were built, including in Jerusalem, Megiddo, and Gezer.

King Solomon pursued an active international policy. Having concluded an alliance with the king of Tire, he waged a successful fight against the Aramean state of Damascus. The strengthening of the international position of the Jewish state was facilitated by its alliance with Egypt, sealed by dynastic marriage. The Egyptian princess married to Solomon not only provided him with the support of Egypt, but also brought him the city of Gezer as a wedding dowry.

Solomon's time went down in the history of the country as a period of flowering of the arts. Poetry, music, and dancing were encouraged at the king's court. During this time, the first collection of epic folk songs was recorded. Solomon himself wrote more than a thousand lyrical works. Over three thousand sayings are attributed to him. IN world history and art, King Solomon entered as a wise ruler, judge, poet. The expressions “Solomon’s judgment” and “Solomon’s decision” have become common nouns and denote the highest wisdom.

After the prophet Moses led 600 thousand Jews out of Egypt, he led his people through the desert for 40 years, until three generations passed, he waited for those who were slaves to die. It was the generations of Jews who did not know slavery that had to defend their right to own the fertile land in a long struggle. In today's lesson we will get acquainted with the history of the Hebrew Kingdom.

Background

Freed from Egyptian captivity (see lesson), the Jews wandered for a long time before ending up in Palestine. Palestine is a country in a valley Jordan River, according to biblical tradition, promised to the Jews by God. To gain a foothold in this land, the Jews had to fight long wars.

Events

XI century BC. - emergence of the kingdom of Israel. Jews become a settled people.

Wars with the Philistines. Old Testament legends relating to this period:

• Samson and Delilah: V Old Testament the hero Samson is described, who fought with the Philistines and whom no one could defeat until he discovered the secret - supernatural power is concentrated in the uncut hair of the Philistine Delilah, whom he fell in love with. Delilah betrayed Samson by revealing his secret to the Philistines.
• : a legend about the duel between the young shepherd David and the Philistine giant Goliath, whom David killed with a stone thrown from a sling.

X century BC. - David conquers Jerusalem, which becomes the capital of the Hebrew kingdom.

Participants

Conclusion

The reign of King Solomon is considered the heyday of the Hebrew kingdom. After his death, the united Hebrew kingdom splits into Judah and Israel.

More than 3 thousand years ago, Jews came to the blessed land promised by God. The wide valley of the Jordan River was rich in pastures and fertile. However, for these lands they had to wage grueling wars with the local population. The Bible preserves a legend about how the Jews captured the city of Jericho, destroying its powerful walls with the sound of trumpets.

Biblical stories reflected the struggle of the Israelites with the Philistines. The mighty hero Samson, whose strength was in his hair, fell in love with the beautiful Delilah (Fig. 1). The Philistine rulers bribed Delilah. When Samson fell asleep, the treacherous woman ordered his hair to be cut off. Samson was captured, blinded and thrown into prison. After some time, the Philistines held a feast and brought blind, tormented Samson there to mock the hero. But they did not notice that the hair had grown back and Samson’s strength had returned. The hero grabbed the pillars that supported the roof with his hands and brought down a huge house on his enemies. This is how Samson died, having accomplished his last feat.

At the turn of the XI-X centuries. BC e. in the north of Palestine, Jews formed the state of Israel (Fig. 2). According to legend, the founder and first king was Saul.

Rice. 2. Kingdom of Saul ()

One day the Philistines went to war against Saul. And a huge Goliath emerged from their ranks. Only David, a young shepherd boy, dared to fight the giant. David struck the huge giant with a well-aimed sling throw. Goliath fell to the ground, and David snatched his sword and cut off his head (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. David and Goliath ()

After Saul's death, David became king (1005-965 BC). During his reign, Jerusalem became the capital of the state.

After David, his son Solomon ascended the throne. The reign of Solomon (965-928 BC) is called the “golden age” of the Hebrew state. He was considered a wise ruler. Biblical legends tell about the fair trial of Solomon. One day, two women who had given birth to boys approached him. One of them accidentally crushed a child in her sleep and in the morning replaced it with a neighbor’s living child. Each of the women claimed that the living child was her son. Solomon ordered the guard to cut the baby and give half of each. One of the women agreed to this, and the other said: “It’s better to give the child to her, just don’t kill him!” She was the boy's mother. From those times the expression “Solomon’s decision” came about, which means a wise decision.

Solomon expanded the territory of the state, capturing neighboring lands. Powerful defensive walls were built around Jerusalem, Megiddo and other cities. A majestic royal palace and a temple to the god Yahweh were built in the capital (Fig. 4). The walls of the temple were made of cedar, and the floors were made of cypress wood. The best masters They made jewelry from silver and gold for the temple. In the middle of the large courtyard stood an altar to the god Yahweh. In the depths of the temple there was a small room in which stone tablets with commandments were kept.

Rice. 4. Temple of the god Yahweh ()

During the reign of Solomon, Jerusalem became the political and religious capital of the Jews.

Bibliography

1. Vigasin A. A., Goder G. I., Sventsitskaya I. S. History Ancient world. 5th grade. - M.: Education, 2006.
2. Nemirovsky A.I. A book for reading on the history of the Ancient World. - M.: Education, 1991.

Additional precommended links to Internet resources

1. History of wars of the Ancient World ().
2. Saba34.narod.ru ().
3. Piratyy.narod.ru ().
4. Jerusalem ().

Homework

1. Determine the location of the Hebrew Kingdom.
2. What do the expressions “Trumpets of Jericho” and “Solomon’s decision” mean?
3. Tell us about biblical heroes.
4. What was King Solomon famous for?

In all likelihood, Israel arose in the north of the Judean Highlands towards the end of the 13th century. BC. as a local Canaanite tribal association, which in the 12th century. BC. a number of Semitic refugees from Egypt poured in, bringing with them legends about their descent from the Amorite ancestor Seth (Seth), life in Egypt, flight from it and the conclusion of a covenant with the Midian god of the sandstorm Yahweh on the way from Egypt to Canaan. Apart from these imported traditions, the people of Israel remained Canaanite in their culture and religion and continued to speak the dialect of the Canaanite language, from which the Hebrew language eventually developed.

According to Deuteronomic history, ca. 1000 BC The Israeli tribes united and created a powerful state with its capital in Jerusalem, led by King David. David was succeeded on the throne by his son Solomon, under whom Israel achieved incredible political, economic, military and cultural prosperity. After the death of Solomon, unrest began, as a result of which ten northern tribes emerged from the control of Jerusalem, forming a separate kingdom of Israel proper. However, the existence of the power of David and Solomon is refuted by archaeological data, which does not reveal any traces of developed statehood in the Judean Highlands in the 10th century. BC. The contradictions between the EB statements and archaeological data are especially clear in the example of Jerusalem. In the city, which, according to the Deuteronomic historian, was the fabulously rich capital of a huge empire, archaeologists find nothing but shards of primitive pottery.

Archaeological evidence is supported by written data. The existence of the power of David and Solomon is not noted in any contemporary text. For example, the Egyptian pharaoh Shoshenq I (940-920 BC) in an inscription from the Karnak Temple talks about his military campaign in Canaan. The Hebrew Bible reports about the same campaign, which is the first mention in it of historical event, confirmed by an external source: “In the fifth year of Rehoboam’s reign, Shusakim (šišaq), king of Egypt, rose up against Jerusalem and took the treasures of the house of Yahweh and the treasures of the king’s house. I took everything; He also took all the golden shields that Solomon had made” (3 Kings 14:25-26). Moreover, in Shoshenq’s own inscription, which lists the 150 cities he took in Canaan, Jerusalem is not present. The nearest city mentioned Egyptian pharaoh, is Gibeon, located 10 km north of Jerusalem. It would be very strange if, when listing many small cities, Shoshenq did not mention the capital of a powerful kingdom that he took, which, according to EB, was Jerusalem. The reason for the strange forgetfulness of the Egyptian ruler is that in fact Jerusalem in his time was only an insignificant poor settlement that governed only its immediate surroundings. The “United Kingdom” of David and Solomon is nothing more than a fiction of later Jewish authors, who sought to use it to substantiate Jerusalem’s claims to power over all Jewish lands.

Inscription from the Karnak Temple about the campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq to Canaan with a list of captured cities

Judging by archaeological data, the first Jewish state was the Kingdom of Israel, which arose at the end of the 10th century. BC. Its emergence was supposedly facilitated by the campaign of Shoshenq, which undermined the strength of the rich and developed Canaanite cities of the Jezreel Valley, which allowed the inhabitants of “Mount Ephraim” to take possession of them. According to Deuteronomic history, the first king of Israel was Jeroboam from the tribe of Ephraim, to whom tradition attributes the founding of the main Israelite sanctuaries at Bethel and Dan. The first capital of the Kingdom of Israel was in Shechem, then it moved to Tirzah. Finally, ok. 880 BC Omri (Omri), who seized the royal throne, moved the capital to Samaria. Omri became the true founder of the Israeli great power - even after the death of his dynasty, the Assyrians called Israel the “house of Omri” and the Israeli kings “the sons of Omri.” Omri is also mentioned in an inscription by the 9th century Moabite king Mesha. BC.

The Omri dynasty ruled Israel for about four decades. The time of her reign includes monumental buildings in the capital of the kingdom of Samaria, the second royal residence - Jezreel, as well as in Gezer, Hazor and Megiddo, which were previously attributed to Solomon. Omri was replaced on the throne by his son Ahab, who married the daughter of the Tyrian king Ethbaal (Ephbaal) Jezebel, with whose name Deuteronomic historians associate the conflict between the supporters of Baal and Yahweh. Under Ahab, the kingdom of Israel first appears in Mesopotamian sources. In 853 BC. The Assyrian king Shalmaneser III made a campaign to the west. Near the city of Karkara on the Orontes River, his battle took place with a coalition of Syrian and Canaanite kings, in which the monolith of Shalmaneser III of Carkh mentions “2,000 chariots and 10,000 infantry of Ahab the Israelite (A-ha-ab-bu MATSir-ila-a-a).” Shalmaneser claims victory in the battle, but after it the Assyrians had to retreat.

Ahab was succeeded on the throne of Israel by his sons Ahaziah and then Joram. The reign of Jehoram includes the war of Israel against Moab, described both in EB (2 Kings 3:4-27) and in the inscription of the Moabite king Mesha. Mesha (mš‘ - “Savior”) reports that for the sins of Moab, G-d Kemosh allowed the king of Israel Omri (‘mry mlk yśr’l) to oppress Moab for many years. The oppression continued under Omri's unnamed son. Kemosh then ordered Mesha to go to war. The Moabite king defeated the Israelites and captured several cities from them, including in the city of Nebo, he took the “vessels of Yahweh” ([k]ly yhwh) and brought them before the face of the god Kemosh. This message contains the oldest definite reference to Yahweh outside of the Hebrew Bible. Mesha declares that Kemosh “saved me from all kings” (hš‘ny mkl hmlkn), and “Israel perished forever with destruction” (yśr’l ’bd ’bd ‘lm). The 2nd Book of Kings reports that Mesha was a tributary of Israel, but after the death of Ahab he broke away from him. The Israeli king Joram, in alliance with the Jewish king Jehoshaphat, went to war against Moab. At first he was successful, but after Mesha sacrificed his firstborn son as a burnt offering, the Israelites were struck by fear and fled.

During the 9th century. BC. Israel also fought bitter wars with the Aramean kingdom of Damascus. OK. 842 BC Hazael seized the throne in Damascus. Probably, Joram decided to take this opportunity to return the city of Ramoth-gilead, which had previously been taken from him by the Syrians. Having united with the Judah king Ahaziah, he opposed Hazael, but in the battle with him he was wounded and brought for treatment to the royal residence of Jezreel. At this time, a mutiny occurred in the Israeli army remaining with Ramoth-gilead. Jehu (Yahu) who seized power killed Joram and his mother Jezebel and destroyed all his brothers and other relatives. He also killed the king of Judah, Ahaziah, who was at that time in Jezreel, and his brothers, who were going to visit him. In addition, the Deuteronomic historian attributes to Jehu the destruction of all the priests and servants of Baal in Kingdom of Israel, but this message raises strong doubts.

A fragmentary Aramaic inscription found in the city of Dan is supposedly associated with the death of the Omri dynasty. Its author, who is not named (the Syrian king Hazael?) reports that he killed<…>rm.br.<…>/ mlk.ysr’l.w<…> <…>yhw.br<…> / <…>k.bytdwd.w’<…>, which can be reconstructed as “[Joram] the son of [Ahab,] king of Israel, and [Ahozi] the son of [Joram, king of] the house of David.” If the bytdwd in this inscription truly means "house of David", this is the first mention of David (more precisely, the dynasty of David) outside the Hebrew Bible. It is noteworthy that if the author of this inscription is Hazael, he attributes the murder of the kings of Israel and Judah to himself, while EB attributes it to Jehu. Perhaps the usurper acted as a Syrian agent, which gave Azail the right to consider his act his own.

Jehu is referred to as mIa-ú-a DUMU mHu-um-ri-i ("Jehu, son of Omri") and is depicted among the slaves of Assyria on Shalmaneser III's "Black Obelisk" of Nimrud, dating to approximately 825 BC. The Assyrian king reports about him: “Tribute to Yehu the son of Omri: I received from him silver, gold, a golden cup, a golden vase with a sharp bottom, golden glasses, golden ladles, tin, a royal staff, spears.” The “zeal of Jehu for Yahweh” praised by Deuteronomic authors, which prompted him, according to EB, to organize an orgy of bloody terror in Israel, did not bring him any foreign policy benefits. On the contrary, in addition to the fact that Israel lost its independence from Assyria, which Ahab, cursed by the Deuteronomists, managed to defend, during the reign of Jehu and his son Jehoahaz, he continued to suffer military defeats from Syria and lose his lands to it. The situation changed only under Jehu’s grandson Joash, but the reason for this was not the latter’s Yahwist piety, but the intensified Assyrian attack on Syria.

Israeli king Jehu kneeling before Assyrian king Shalmaneser III
Image on the Black Obelisk

In 796 BC. The Assyrian king Adad-Nirari III besieged Damascus and forced its ruler Bar-Hadad (Benhadad) III to capitulate. Joash of Israel took advantage of the weakening of Syria and returned to Israel the cities previously captured by the Syrians. He also defeated and captured the Jewish king Amaziah, took Jerusalem and plundered the royal palace and temple of Yahweh. The forty-year reign of Joash's son Jeroboam II (780-740 BC) saw the last flourishing of the Kingdom of Israel, marked material well-being, the flourishing of monumental construction and the widespread spread of writing. Jeroboam II is the first king of Israel whose name is attested by an inscription on a seal (belonging to “Shema the servant of Jeroboam”).

Jeroboam's son Zechariah was killed 6 months after his accession to the throne of Israel, ending the dynasty of Jehu. The usurper Shallum was soon himself killed by Menachem, who ruled for ten years. To maintain his power, he was forced to pay huge tribute to Assyria. Menachem's son Pekahia (Phakiah), after two years of reign, was killed by his military leader Pekahia (Phakiah). In 732 BC. Pekah entered into an anti-Assyrian alliance with the king of Damascus Rezin, in response to which Tiglath-Pileser III defeated Syria, killed Rezin and annexed his possessions to Assyria, and also forced Pekah to surrender and annexed the northern regions of the Kingdom of Israel. Shortly after these events, Pekah was killed by Hoshea (Hoshea), who initially acted as a loyal vassal of Assyria, but then entered into an alliance with Egypt and stopped paying tribute to the Assyrians. This prompted punitive measures by the Assyrian king Shalmaneser V, who took Hosea captive and besieged Samaria. The capital of Israel fell three years later, under the new ruler of Assyria, Sargon II. The entire territory of the Kingdom of Israel was included in Assyria, a significant part of its population was deported, and settlers from other Assyrian regions were transferred to its place.

Somewhat earlier than these events, in the middle of the 8th century. BC, there are signs of the transformation of Judea into a full-fledged state. Up to this point, it was more of a backward tribal association, located in the shadow of the much stronger and more developed kingdom of Israel. In terms of population, Judah's ratio to Israel was approximately 1 to 10, and the same can be said about other indicators. Israelite King Joash, c. 800 BC who took and plundered Jerusalem, figuratively expressed this balance of power between the two Jewish states, comparing in his message to the Jewish king Amaziah Israel with the “cedar of Lebanon”, and Judah with the “thorn of Lebanon”, which was trampled by wild animals (2 Kings 14:9) . The situation changed decisively under the Jewish king Ahaz (743-727), who in the war between Assyria and Israel sided with Assyria, recognizing himself as a slave of Tiglath-Pileser III. In one of the inscriptions of Tiglath-Pilesar there is the earliest mention of Judea outside the Great Britain - the Assyrian ruler names among his tributaries Ya-ú-ha-zi MATYa-ú-da-a, i.e. "Ahaz of Judah."

With the support of the Jews, the Assyrians in 732 BC. defeated the Kingdom of Israel and deprived it of its northern regions, and in 720 BC. took Samaria and incorporated the remainder of Israelite territory into Assyria. If for Israel these events turned out to be a disaster, then for Judea they, on the contrary, became a gift of fate. IN last years During the reign of Ahaz and the first years of the reign of his son Hezekiah (727-698), the kingdom of Judah experienced incredible prosperity. Jerusalem, which previously occupied only a small area of ​​the City of David and the Temple Mount, spreads to the western hill and is surrounded (for the first time since the Middle Bronze Age) by new fortress walls. Within one generation, its population experiences explosive growth - approximately 10 times (from 1 to 10 thousand). A similar population explosion is observed in the agricultural district of Jerusalem and other areas of Judea.

Much of Judah's rise was due to the flight of Israel's population to the south, but the economic boom that followed the integration of the kingdom of Judah into the economy of the Assyrian superpower also played a role. Judea became a supplier of olive oil and wine to the imperial market, and the lucrative Arabian caravan trade routes ran along its southern border. The fertile Shephelah valley serves as the granary of Judea, the main city of which Lachish becomes the second most important city of the state after Jerusalem in the second half of the 8th century. BC. decorated with monumental administrative buildings and surrounded by powerful fortifications. Mass production of ceramics for government needs takes place in centralized workshops.

From the middle of the 8th century. BC. In Judea, personal seals with the names of the owners, inscribed stone scales and ostracons appear for the first time, indicating the spread of writing, which is one of the main signs of developed statehood. After the destruction of the sanctuaries of the Kingdom of Israel (Dan, Bethel, Samaria, etc.), Jerusalem, which was previously only one of many Jewish religious centers, becomes the main center of Yahwism. This was also facilitated by the “religious reform” of King Hezekiah, which apparently consisted in the abolition of all Yahwist sanctuaries outside the capital of Judah. Probably, in the last years of the reign of Ahaz, with the assistance of the Assyrians, a new temple Yahweh, described in the EB as "Solomon's temple."

However, this heyday did not last long. In 705 BC. The Assyrian king Sargon II died in battle with the Cimmerians, after which uprisings of the conquered peoples broke out on the territory of the Assyrian Empire. The Judah king Hezekiah also rebelled, joining the anti-Assyrian coalition of Canaanite states under the auspices of Egypt. Hezekiah probably prepared for such a development in advance, as evidenced by his creation of reserves of grain, olive oil and wine and the construction of a tunnel from the source of Siloam, which provided Jerusalem with water in case of a siege. Having suppressed the uprisings in the south and east of his power, the son of Sargon II Sennacherib in 701 BC. set out on a campaign to the west.

The Assyrian army led to the submission of the Phoenicians and Philistines, after which it entered Judea and subjected its territory to a terrible defeat. According to the annals of Sennacherib, he captured forty-five Jewish cities and carried away two hundred thousand men and women along with their livestock. The largest city of Judea after Jerusalem, Lachish, which offered stubborn resistance to the Assyrian king, was completely destroyed, its population was destroyed or deported by the Assyrians. Details of the siege and capture of Lachish were depicted in bas-reliefs made for the palace of Sennacherib in Nineveh, which are currently kept in the British Museum.

Jewish prisoners from Lachish before Sennacherib
Bas-relief from the royal palace in Nineveh

The king of Judah, Hezekiah Sennacherib, was locked up in Jerusalem “like a bird in a cage” and forced to capitulate and pay a huge tribute, including the king’s daughters for his harem: “Along with 30 talents of gold, 800 talents of choice silver, antimony, large jewelry made of stone, boxes of ivory, high ivory thrones, elephant skins, ivory, ebony, boxwood - all that there is, noble wealth, also his daughters, the concubines of his palace, singers and singers to Nineveh, my capital, he sent for me , and sent his messenger to pay the tribute and perform the service” (Annals of Sennacherib). Jerusalem was saved from capture and complete destruction, apparently, by the approach of the army of the Nubian crown prince of Egypt Taharqa (“Tirgak, king of Ethiopia”), about whom Sennacherib was reported during the siege of Jerusalem: “Behold, he has come out to fight you” (2 Kings . 19, 9). Contrary to the predictions of the prophet Isaiah about the uselessness of Egyptian help (2 Kings 30, 2-7; 31, 1-3, etc.), it was the appearance of the Egyptians (or rather, the black Nubians who then ruled Egypt) that saved Jerusalem from destruction.

Black Nubian Taharqa - G-d who saved Jerusalem from destruction by Sennacherib

However, otherwise the consequences of Sennacherib's invasion were catastrophic for Judea. In addition to paying a huge humiliating tribute, she lost her most fertile lands, located in the Shephelah valley, which Sennacherib gave to his Philistine vassals. In essence, Judea became a city-state, shrinking to the size of Jerusalem and its environs. The land was devastated, many inhabitants were taken captive. There is no trace left of economic prosperity. However, Jerusalem, unlike Samaria, survived, which was attributed by the Yahwists to the patronage of the “god of Israel,” whose messenger destroyed one hundred eighty-five thousand Assyrian soldiers and thereby forced Sennacherib to leave (2 Kings 19:35).

We know nothing about Hezekiah's reign after the Assyrian invasion. When he died, his son Manasseh (698-642) ascended the throne of Judah, whose nearly half-century reign saw the relative revival of the Kingdom of Judah after the defeat of 701. The main reason This revival was Manasseh's loyalty to his Assyrian overlords. It is curious that the kings of Judah, who pursued pro-Assyrian policies that brought peace and prosperity to Judah, are portrayed as villains by Deuteronomistic authors, while the hero is Hezekiah, whose rebellion against Assyria brought Judah to the brink of complete destruction. The EB modestly remains silent about Manasseh’s relations with the Assyrians, but Assyrian sources help correct this silence. Thus, Sennacherib's son Esarhaddon mentions Manasseh among the vassal kings who sent materials to Nineveh for the construction of a new royal palace, and Esarhaddon's son Ashurbanipal names him among his tributaries, whose troops participated in the Assyrian conquest of Egypt.

The reign of Manasseh was marked by a new demographic and economic rise in the Kingdom of Judah. The population of the rural area of ​​​​Jerusalem grew, and the agricultural development of new lands in the south and east took place. The main sources of income for Judah were olive oil and grain, supplied to the imperial Assyrian market. In the 7th century BC. Altogether there are hundreds of inscribed Jewish seals and bullae, as well as ostracons, indicating the first widespread literacy in history among the population of Judea. The earliest written recording of a number of texts later included in the Hebrew Bible, such as the Yahwist-Elohist source and a number of prophetic texts previously transmitted orally, can presumably be attributed to this century. After the death of Manasseh in 642 BC. his son Amon (who bore the name of the Egyptian God Amon) ascended the throne, who was killed by the conspirators two years later. The eight-year-old son of Amun, Josiah (640-609), became the new king of Judah. In the middle of his reign, the weakening of Assyria began, which ultimately led to its death. The consequence of the cessation of Judea’s dependence on Assyria was, apparently, the removal from the Jerusalem Temple of the symbols of this dependence - “horses and chariots of the Sun” (2 Kings 23:11), which, under the pen of the later Deuteronomists, turned into a comprehensive religious reform in the spirit of exclusive Yahwism.

Already ok. 656 BC Pharaoh Psammetichus I (664-610), who united all of Egypt under his rule, declared himself a ruler independent of Assyria. He was probably recognized by the Assyrians, to whom he was more profitable as an ally than as an enemy. After the death of the last great Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (669-627), Assyria began to plunge into turmoil. In 626, a rebellion broke out in Babylonia, and in 623, a civil war began in Assyria itself. In 612, the Assyrian capital Nineveh fell to the Babylonians and Medes, and the remnants of the Assyrian court and troops fled west to Harran. In one of his inscriptions, Psammetichus I reports that he owns the entire coast of the Levant as far as Phenicia. Presumably, he concluded an agreement with Assyria, according to which all Assyrian possessions west of the Euphrates, including Judea, came under Egyptian rule in exchange for military assistance against the Babylonians.

In 610 BC. The Babylonians took Harran, and Psammetichus died in the same year. In 609, his son Necho II set out on a campaign to the north to recapture Harran from the Babylonians. On the way there, in the city of Megiddo, he killed the Jewish king Josiah. The Deuteronomic historian reports this very succinctly: “In his days Pharaoh Necho, king of Egypt, rose up against the king of Assyria on the Euphrates River. And King Josiah went to meet him, and he killed him in Megiddon when he saw him” (2 Kings 23:29). A later chronicler states that Josiah died in battle with the Egyptians (2 Chron. 35, 20-24), but the account of 2 Kings is more credible. Apparently, Necho simply executed his vassal Josiah for his connections with the Babylonians. The life of the king, whom the Deuteronomists represent as the greatest champion of Yahwism, ended so ingloriously that the Deuteronomist historian did not even find words for comment.

Pharaoh Necho slaying an Asian barbarian (Josiah?)
Seal from Megiddo, late 7th century. BC.

Necho II's attempt to recapture Harran from the Babylonians was unsuccessful. On the way back, he removed Josiah's son Jehoahaz, who had sat on the Jewish throne for only 3 months, from power, and sent him to Egypt. Instead, Necho installed another son of Josiah, Joachim (Eliakim) (609-598), as king of Judea, who was forced to pay a heavy tribute to Egypt. In 605 BC. In the battle of Carchemish, the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II defeated the remnants of the Assyrian army and Necho II who supported them. The Egyptians were forced to leave Canaan, which came under Babylonian rule. Her power was also recognized by Judea, but Joachim’s son Jehoiachin, who ascended the throne in 598, tried to break away from the Babylonians by concluding an alliance with Egypt. In response to this, Nebuchadnezzar II took Jerusalem in 597 and plundered the royal palace and the temple of Yahweh. Former king Jehoiachin was taken to Babylon along with a large number of representatives of the Jewish nobility, priesthood and artisans. Instead of him, Nebuchadnezzar placed another son of Josiah, Zedekiah (Matthaniah) (597-586), on the throne of Judea.

Ten years later, now Zedekiah made an attempt to break away from Babylon. In response to this, Nebuchadnezzar II, at the head of his army, again moved towards Jerusalem. After a year and a half of siege, the Babylonians broke into the city. King Zedekiah and his entourage managed to escape, but he was captured near Jericho and brought to Nebuchadnezzar. The sons of Zedekiah were executed before his eyes, after which he himself was blinded and taken in chains to Babylon. By order of the Babylonian king, Jerusalem was burned and its walls were destroyed. On the site of the Kingdom of Judah in 586 BC. The Babylonian province of Judah arose with an administrative center in the city of Mizpah in the tribe of Benjamin (probably present-day Tel en-Nasbeh, 12 km north of Jerusalem). The ancient sanctuary at Bethel became the religious center of the new province.